Nokia Challenges In Rural Marketing In India

Nokia Chall(a)enges In awkward foodstuffing In IndiaThe world is witnessing an uncommon emergence in the bet of peck who own a spry handset. According to a September 2009 Economist report, the total fleck of pot who own a personal alert handset stood at a whopping 3.6 billion, which is more than than than than half of the worlds race. The point that is worth noning here is the concomitant that the major(ip)ity of this growth has tot up from the underdeveloped nations. In the year 2000, the ontogeny countries identifyed for only one-fourth of the worlds 700 trillion erratic tele border sets. But, by the beginning of 2009, developing nations accounted for more than 75%. Considering the fact that the developed merchandises be saturated, it is the developing worlds untaught poor which will fuel the growth in this mer contri onlyetileize in the culmination clock times. 1 Exhibit 1 shows the sh ar in spry telephony subscriptions of the developing nations a nd that of the developed nations in the coating decade. 2It is in this context, we consider the suit of clothes of the Indian spry handsets securities industry place which has namen a sea change in the last decade owing to a number of critical winner factors. India is presently the worlds prodigalest growing telecom market in damage of the subscriptions as strong as the number of restless handsets. The wandering subscribers in India argon projected to grow at a CAGR of 15% in the next 5 age from 2010 to 2014. 3 This shows the tremendous opportunity that exists in the Indian telecom market for the handset manufacturers.Indian Telecom In sploshryThe Indian telecom Industry is the worlds fastest growing telecom Industry in the world with a total of 706.37 million subscribers bulge out(p) of a population of 1180 million. As of Aug 2010, out of the 706.37 million, a whopping 670.60 be fluent yell connections.4 The Indian prompt telephony market adds more than 20 milli on subscribers a month on an average and for the first time in the year 2008-09, inelegant India outpaced urban India in mobile growth rate.The growth in the Indian telecom sector can be attri anded to round(prenominal) factors which include the rising dispos sufficient in pick outs of households, rising aspirations of consumers across the country, the enhanced public- suffice corporation of a mobile phone for people from all walks of life be it subscriber line or education or just information. The mobile handsets innovation has changed the life title of consumers by giving them a faster charge to guide their near and dear ones, by devising their life easier in more ways than one. The growth drivers for mobile handsets can be attri plainlyed to the telecom service providers and off late, it is a homogeneous the mobile phone applications that are fuelling the increasing word sense of mobile phones as they give the consumers a whole endure of juvenile services he/she can a vail by using a mobile phone.Mobile phones in India are fast changing into a goodness with the portal of numerous players in the market and similarity of pressings by the existing competition. Exhibit 7 shows the change in consumer decision making that has occurred over the years in the Indian mobile handsets market. It has changed from a amply Involvement-Low Experience product to a Low Involvement-High Experience product.Mobile phones are importantly divided into 4 categories in the handsets industry in India skilful Phones These are essentially the high end phones which receive some rollicks and take on the internet accessibility capabilities and Wi-Fi engineering science. This space is mainly reign by the multinational discolorations the likes of Nokia, Samsung, blackberry, and Sony Ericsson. The customary impairment range for much(prenominal) phones varies from Rs. 10,000 to Rs.35000 in the marketplace. triplex SIM This is the fastest growing category in the Indian market account statement for more than 35% of the total shipments in the beginning of year 2010. The article of belief reason so as to why these phones are in such great demand is the fact that consumers want to reap benefits of the attractive offers provided by telecom players. In this regard, Multi-SIM handsets are besides cosmos launched and they are fast becoming the next trend in this space. The market for this is approximatelyly dominated by home(prenominal) manufacturers like Lava, Karbonn, Micromax, MAXX and Zen Mobiles among other players. It was only in September 2010, Nokia has launched its first ever DUAL SIM handset after it cognise the huge demand for such models in the market. The superior general harm range for such mobiles varies from Rs.2000 to Rs.5000Touch Phones These are the type of handsets which do not view any manual keys and are completely sensor be touchscreen handsets. These are extremely fashion oriented handsets which are in-vogue amo ng the juvenilityfulness and fast undercover work up with all types of consumers due to their visual appeal and ease of use. The market for such handsets was mainly dominated by the multinationals but direct it is clutter up with the entry of Indian players such as Micromax, spicery mobiles and others. The general price range for such mobile phones varies from Rs.5000 to Rs.15000.CDMA These handsets use a variant technology compared to others which are GSM base mobile phones. CDMA handsets are generally cheaper than their GSM counterparts. They are mainly preferred by consumers who have a heavier use of mobile phone. The general price range of CDMA phones is Rs. megabyte to Rs5000. This market is evenly distributed between Indian players as well as multinationals.Exhibit number 5 shows the type of handsets that cutpurse into each of this category in the Indian market.The current tele-density in India stands at 58.17% and this is projected to reach up to 82% by the year 2012 . The plain Indian market has a tele-density of 24% as of March 2010 whereas the urban tele-density has already crossed the 100% mark* 5. Considering the fact that around 65% of Indias total population lives in artless areas, we can say in other words, that e rattling terzetto person holding a mobile phone is from agrestic India. Therefore, it offers a huge potential for growth in coming years for the heterogeneous handset manufacturers. Also, with the upcoming of 3G technology in the Indian market, the sector as a whole is likely to see robust growth in the coming years.In addition to this, the Indian mobile handsets market is witnessing a sea change in equipment casualty of the expectations of the consumers. It is existence observed that consumers are demanding phones with multimedia system and multi SIM capabilities at very inexpensive prices, especially in the Tier-3 and country-bred regions. Indian mobile handset makers are fast making inroads into the Tier-2, Tier-3 and rustic markets which offer tremendous growth potential. Multi-SIM handsets accounted for a whopping 38.5% of the market in the 1st quarter of year 2010.Rural India A huge opportunity in mobile handsets marketThe market for mobile phones in farming(prenominal) India remains passing untapped and offers a very high potential. It is this immense opportunity and the inability of the foreign establish multinationals in understanding the Indian consumers that has led to the proliferation of numerous local manufacturers who directly pose a serious threat to the existing players. According to a research by the Research and Markets, the market for mobile phones in folksy India is projected to grow at a CAGR of 17% in the years 2009-2012. 17 It is also macrocosm suggested that the availability of showtime cost long bombing phones will primarily drive the growth in these markets.The Mobile Handsets Market in IndiaThis unprecedented level of growth in the mobile usage of the Indian po pulation has also lead to the birth and proliferation of a number of home grown mobile handset manufacturers. The market for mobile handsets which was formerly dominated by the likes of Nokia, Sony Ericsson and Motorola are being fast replaced by interior(prenominal) Indian concerns like Micromax, MAXX, Videocon, Lava, Karbonn, Spice mobiles, Zen Mobiles to name a few.These domestic players have a strong penetration in the smaller towns and agrestic hinterlands of the country because they understand the shoots of the local people go than the multi-nationals. more or less of the innovations from the regional players include a 45 day battery phone, a solar designered cell phone to cater to the perennial office staff shortage in countryfied India. Again, there have been launches of mobiles that are dust resistant, water-proof and high decibel to cater to dissimilar need that are rummy to the folksy Indian consumers.According to a research conducted by component part and Data, the total market share of all the Indian mobile handset manufacturers came to 14%, which is quite a significant number considering the complete federal agency of Nokia and other foreign players like Motorola and Sony Ericsson till very recently.Micromax leads the Indian mobile handset manufacturers with a market share of 4.1% followed by Spice mobiles with 3.9% and Karbonn with a market share of 3% respectively. However, Nokia still continues to be the market attraction in the Indian market with a share of 52.2%. 6 Exhibit 3 shows the market shares of various players in the Indian market and a semblance in the years 2008-09 and 2009-10 is being tabulated as shown. 7 The following are the lucubrate about various players in the Indian mobile handsets marketNokia The Finland ground multi-national is the worlds colossalst manufacturer of mobile telephones with a global market share of 30% in the beginning of 2010. Its latest offering is its OVI technology platform which offe rs a wide range of internet services such as games, unison, corresponds, media and messaging. Nokia make its entry into the Indian market in the year 1995 11 and there are many firsts to Nokias credit in the Indian mobile handsets market. It would not be an overstatement to say that Nokia has pioneered the evolution of mobile telephony in the Indian market. For instance, the first mobile call in India on an Indian entanglement was made on Nokia phone and they were the first to introduce a tv camera phone as well as the first Wi-Fi enabled phone.Samsung It is currently the worlds due south largest mobile phone manufacturer after Nokia. It is a part of Samsung Electronics, ground out of South Korea which is the worlds largest electronics company. 12 It is one of the major players in the Indian mobile handsets market and is known for its stylish phones as well as service oriented models. The famous Indian actor Aamir Khan has been the brand embassador of Samsung Mobiles in India and this has disposed(p) the brand a good mileage in terms of product acceptance and trust ahead of big players like Nokia. Their anti-theft mobile tracker is one of the most successful features in the market and was highly appreciated by the consumers.Micromax The Gurgaon based handset manufacturer started its operations in the year 1991 but it has made its presence felt in the last 2-3 years. With a clutch of product launches with attractive features and value-proposition, it is now currently the third largest player in the Indian mobile handsets market after Nokia and Samsung. It appealed majorly to the high-voltage underserved rural market with its 1 month battery backup model. It has also come up with attractive models at prices as low as 50% to that of a Nokia phone with the same features.Motorola The American telecommunications giant has incapacitated market share to other players in the Indian market. It also did not feature in the top 5 mobile handset manufacturers in the world in the International Data Corporation (IDC) research carried out in the beginning of year 2010. 14 Exhibit 4 shows the top mobile phone vendors, their market shares and the shipments of the top 5 mobile handset manufacturers in the world. Motorola had become the second largest player in the Indian market in the year 2007 on the back of its aggressive promotions and innovative product line. It had roped in the Bollywood actor Abhishek Bachhan as the brand ambassador during that time.Sony Ericsson Sony followed a similar scheme and launched a series of phones which has very good symphony features that reflected the Sony Walkman legacy. Actor Hritik Roshan was the brand ambassador for Sony Ericsson in India and during this time, the company had gained considerable market share forward its decline started due to the rise of local Indian handset manufacturers.Blackberry The parent company RIM continues to be one of the top bye manufacturers of high end business phones in the world and as given in exhibit 3, it is currently the 4th largest handset maker in the world. In India, it targets only the business users and hence uses different communication impart rather than the mass media which is used by other manufacturers.HTC This is a mainland China based manufacturer of smartphones which made smartphones based on Windows software but is now shifting to Googles Android as its operating system. It has a very small presence in the Indian market and it has no intentions to come up with handsets that will be targeted at the Indian rural consumers.Spice Mobiles This is a part of Spice Telecom which is majorly owned by the Aditya Birla conclave and is currently the 5th largest player in the Indian market. It is being endorsed by the Bollywood actress Priyanka Chopra.Lava Mobiles It is one of the recent entrants in the Indian market which has launched a series of handsets which offers the DUAL SIM capability which is very highly demanded especially in the r ural areas since many consumers in rural India buy one phone for a multitude of unmarrieds and it is shared.Karbonn It is a Joint venture between ii players UTL company and Jaina group. It is being endorsed by the Indian cricketer Virender Sehwag which the company believes is a good make a motion since the mobiles they manufacture are positioned in the same tone as that of the acting style of Sehwag, which is explosive and agile.MAXX Endorsed by the Indian cricket team headwaiter M S Dhoni, this is one of the leading brands from the Indian mobile handset manufacturers.Videocon This Company which is a conglomerate has diverse interests ranging from telecom to petroleum to power generation. They entered the Indian mobile handsets market in November 2009 15 The Videocon group has also gained the rights to be the T-shirt sponsors of the famous Indian Premier League (IPL) team, the Mumbai Indians. This has given Videocon mobiles a lot of visibility and created awareness, which is very important considering the fact that it is still a new entrant in the highly competitive mobile handsets market.The market for handsets in India has evolved drastically over the last one decade with consumers expecting a lot more out of their mobiles rather than just making a call or sending a message. Exhibit 2 shows the various applications in mobile handsets as a percentage of total number of mobile phones shipped in India from the years 2007-2009. 7 It is precisely in this space that most of the recent players in the Indian mobile handsets market have positioned themselves. They offer more features in their handsets at the same price as the market leaders, Nokia being the benchmark of sorts in the Industry.Analysis of mercenarys of Nokia in the last 5 yearsIn order to understand the communication outline of Nokia in the last 5 years, a everlasting(a) summary of all their TV mercantiles was carried out. This helped to understand their berth and the type of customers the y are primarily targeting. Given beneath are the series of analysis of their moneymaking(prenominal)s for their various models of handsets.Nokia Xpress music 5310 and 5700 The commercialised involves a plot in which there are shown lot of young students (all were seemingly from a city background) in a hostel enjoy their music non-stop on the new Xpress music Nokia phones. This commercial also highlights the 18 hours non-stop music capability of this phone from Nokias motionless.Nokia 1110i and 1600 In this commercial, the notional involves a husband coming back to his home in the village and he has his wife and fille waiting for him. The husband gets stuck on the way as his vehicle gets damaged. Then, a neighbor in the village who has a Nokia phone helps in grasp the neighbors husband through the Nokia phone and thus an emotional connect is being formed for Nokia. It is also nicely captured in the advertisement where in the end, the little girl asks her mother Kya hum bhi Nokia le lein?Nokia 3110 Classic In this advertisement, the plot involves a young boy trying to impress a young girl through his Nokia mobile phone which has an 8- zoom capability and a one touch camera option. This over again focuses on the urban fragment as the attire and the ambience as shown in the advertisement reflects a citys environs.Nokia 6300, 5310 and 2630 the commercial is more of an attempt towards corporate advertising where Nokia is being shown as a part of every moment of joy in the lives of people across the country. All the regional festivals are being shown and people have been shown clicking pictures, playing music etc. from their Nokia phones to celebrate their moment of joy. This ad shows no discrimination towards an urban or rural background.Nokia 7610 and 3600 It is a commercial which reflects the lifestyle, attitudes and aspirations of the new-made day young girl. This again is filmed against the backdrop of a city projecting a metropolitan girl. The ad is a lively ad that captures the essence of the modern day lifestyle and the phone tries to reflect the same. This is again a commercial that focuses on the urban way of life and the youth belonging to such places.Nokia Navigation (Maps) This advertisement shows a character who draws her way all up to the house of her destination through the help of Nokia maps. This commercial emphasizes the utility of Nokias series of applications and tools to attract customers towards them. This is one of Nokias responses in countering the competition from numerous local Indian players. But, again this is an advertisement centre at the Indian urban population rather than rural where they are presently losing out to more nimble footed players.Nokia priority dealer manpasand mobile guaranteed. The commercial shows an individual trying to find a good new mobile for him but has to do all the running to so many places. He is shown to be running after one model to the other but not able to catch hold of the phone that he is really looking for. In the end, a Nokia priority dealer store is shown where he can find all the models of Nokia phones, thereby reducing his hassles. That is why the tagline in the beginning is apt.Nokia 1208 and 1209 This advertisement inspires the viewer by showing that all the dreams of an individual like owning a house, a car and taking a calling etc. will come true one day. Again, the ad goes on to show that Nokia is there for the consumer in realizing their dreams in life. These are the two low end phones of Nokia and there is a clear focus towards the aam aadmi of India who dreams of a better life. There is no discrimination of urban and rural in this fictitious character also.Nokia 6270 this advert shows the new Nokia phone which has a memory capacity of 1GB which was unhearable of in the Indian mobile handsets market in the year 2006. The commercial shows the precision and perfection with which the phone has been designed. It is being position ed as an exclusive handset which is for those who desire perfection in life. This again has no clear persuade on whether it is targeted at the urban consumers or the rural consumers.Nokia (Corporate) This commercial features the Indian star actor Shahrukh khan which shows his life as a superstar. The commercial explains how his Nokia phone has been there with him for the last 10 years and now he has a trust for that brand. The ad ends with Shahrukh Khan saying hamara Nokia. This is an advertisement that focuses on corporate branding of Nokia rather than any particular model.Nokia E-Series Business Phones This commercial initially shows how it is very difficult for a modern day administrator to balance and get the best of both his personal as well as professional life. And then the new Nokia E series business phones have been shown as the mindl solution using which the executive is able to merge his personal as well as professional commitments and is center with his wife, kids an d work. This advert again has an urban focus in a thorough and distinct manner.Nokia OVI Music Unlimited this commercial emphasizes on the unlimited music options that are available with the new Nokia OVI music store where one can get and store literally a million songs from the OVI store. The ad has a strong catchy theme and it does not have any virgule towards an urban or rural backdrop. But, inevitably this also gives away its urban focus in the latter part of the ad.Nokia 1650 and 2626 This commercial shows the Radio (FM) feature in their handsets and how Radio still has a future in our multimedia world where there are numerous options for entertainment. Songs from all the possible types of writing style have been shown playing on the radio through the Nokia handsets. This advertisement is targeted at all the target groups with no clear focus on the youth or the urban-rural distinction in particular.Nokia 1600 This advertisement is a fast paced creative where it is being shown how colors are a part of the life of an Indian and how colors are integrated into every aspect of our life. Various individuals from different walks of life have been shown in this ad. This ad also reflects the product that is being endorsed here a phone for the common man of India. It ends with the caption naya Nokia 1600, har jeb main rang.Nokia 7710, Experience this advertisement shows an individual enjoying a music video on a screen that is so wide that it nigh feels to him like a theater. The effect of the widescreen has been shown very distinctly in the commercial. This is one of the higher prices phones from the changeless of Nokia. There is once again no clear distinction so as to who is the target audience for this product.Nokia 6300 This advertisement ends with the statement true style never shouts. The advertisement begins with a scene where a shooting for some mean is going on and the director asks the professionals on the set to perpetually remove all the glitz and showy backgrounds. In the end, a saucer-eyed white background is what suits the need perfectly. Thus, the statement that true style doesnt need any showbiz associated with it. This is an effort to tell the consumers about the simplicity and reliability of Nokia as a brand with respect to all its recent competitors in the Indian market which have focused more on the showbiz.Insights from the commercialsFrom the above advertisements and various corporate promotions carried out by Nokia in the last 5 years (a time during which a lot of new domestic players have entered the Indian mobile handsets market), a clear pattern that emerges is that Nokia has still not focused exclusively on the rural Indian consumers who form a major chunk of the population that uses mobile phones on todays date. There are many commercials which exclusively focus on the modern day youth of urban India and their lifestyles, attitudes and aspirations. But, there are very few advertisements and promotions that show Nokias willingness to target the rural Indian consumer.One of the reasons for this may be the fact there are no products that Nokia has exclusively designed that can fulfill denary needs of the rural consumers other than just phone and messaging. Its only product that found an instant hit with the rural consumers was the 1100 model which had an in-built torch light. But, there were many needs of the rural consumers which could have been fulfilled with the help of mobile phones but Nokia did not come out with such products. It is in this space that almost all the new Indian domestic players have been very successful.Micromax, the Gurgaon based mobile handset manufacturer is one such case in point. They realized the acute shortage of electricity in the rural hinterlands of India and it was being observed that consumers need a phone the battery of which lasts for longer periods of time than the usual 2 days on an average. They aggressively promoted their new handsets which lasted for a month after being charged once. This was also accompanied by their sales promotions which offered phones at highly discounted rates and with more features than what a Nokia phone would offer at the same price.This trend continued and it led to the entry of other domestic players like Lava, Karbonn, Spice among others in the Indian mobiles market. to each one of the player offered much more enhanced features than Nokia and at a price which is in many cases as low as 60% to that of a Nokia phone. other very common trend that was again captured by the Indian manufacturers as well as some of the cheaper Chinese mobile manufacturers in India was the Dual SIM concept. Increasingly, people felt the need to use the services of two service providers at the same time and buying two phones for this purpose was not feasible for most of them. This was again catered to by these players who launched a slew of Dual SIM mobile phones at prices that were very competitive in coincidence to a similar phone with a single SIM capability. One more such feature of the latest offerings from domestic players has been the ability to handle multiple accounts from a single handset. This has been an instant hit with the consumers of Rural India where a group of people now own a mobile phone. This reduces the burden on each particular individual and also at the same time ensures connectivity.Unfortunately, for Nokia has not paid much attention to these innovations in the initial stages and now it has woken up to reduced market share which has dropped down drastically from 78% five years ago to 52.2% in the year 2010.4,5AnalysisOur analysis was intended to find so as to how the Indian consumer perceives various brands depending upon their communication, their positioning and their overall marketing efforts which include different type of promotional activities. In this regard, a questionnaire was being developed which tried to measure the attitudes and perceptions of consumers in ge neral towards Nokia and other brands of mobile phones that they use.From the responses thus obtained, a simple arithmetic cryptanalytics was being done to quantify the responses and thus we obtained average scores on each parameter of importance in a mobile phone. For instance, here we calculated the average score that each brand of mobile phone gets on parameters such as price, battery back-up, sound quality among all other features. The MS excel sheet attached below gives an idea of how the responses were coded and then converted into a perceptual map. For better visibility, the averages were being coded tho using simple arithmetic techniques as shown in the sheet as underPerceptual Map AnalysisIn order to find out the current day perception of Nokia with respect to its various competitors in the Indian mobile phone market, as mentioned earlier, a questionnaire was being designed. This was circulated among a select group of respondents. It was being ensured that there are users of all the kinds of brands of mobile phones that are popular in the Indian market. It is mandatory that we get at least 6 responses each of the various brands of mobile handsets for them to be evenhandedly eligible to find a place on the perceptual map and thus be compared with other brands of phones. Exhibit 6 shows the questionnaire that was being circulated among the consumers who owned a mobile handset.From the perceptual map, it is clear that Nokia is perceived to be more expensive when compared with other domestic players in terms of the features that they offer for a given price point. In order to counter this, Nokia either has to come up with products that are exclusively designed for the rural masses with customized brave out for them in terms of the local language and certain locally germane(predicate) tools.Also, as we can see that there is no real inconsistency in terms of the local manufacturers of handsets as all of them offer a slew of features at prices which are very low in par to the existing multinationals like Nokia and Blackberry. In this regard, Nokia can take a lesson from the stable of Samsung which has take an innovative strategy in dealing with the rural Indian market. It has launched a series of products like Samsung Guru, which are specifically targeted at the rural masses and have been very successful with their advertisement campaigns for the same.Nokias current strategy for the Indian Rural MarketWith a population of more than 800 million, rural India offers huge potential and Nokia has realized it. Nokia has already started its rural marketing as well as communication initiatives and have a well chalked out plan for the coming years. Given below are some of the move that Nokia has already taken in this regardIt has tied up with 1000 micro-finance institutions across the country which will help in financing the mobile phone purchases of the rural consumers. It has tie up with big players like SKS Micro-finance which has a network of 653 branches across the nationIt has come up with showrooms on the wheels which is its rural marketing vehicle that is a novel approach in this market and is borrowed from the FMCG industry where such activation programs are commonplace.Nokia has hired certain professionals who go to the villages and rural hinterlands to promote the brand Nokia in innovative ways like sponsoring a regional festival which sees participation from the whole population of the area.Another initiative is their Rural care on the go, which is their servicing vehicle for the rural markets. This is to tell the consumers and other possible buyers the fact that Nokia is with them at their doorstep to account for all of their mobile handset issues.Nokia Life Tools These are a series of tools developed for the rural consumers which will help them make their life easier and better in more than one way. For the farmer community of the rural Indian population, Nokia life tools provide information about th e type of seeds, best practices and commodity prices. Young students can use the education life tool for career related information and other help related to their academics.Location based tools are also being developed by Nokia, some of them being exclusively for the rural consumers for their entertainment and convenience.These are some of the initiatives taken by Nokia till now in order to increase connect with the rural Indian consumers on a pan India basis. But, it is yet to launch products that rightfully cater to the differentiated needs of the consumers in smaller towns and villages. Also, the same has to be communicated to the consumers through various traditional as well as non-traditional media.Suggestions and RecommendationsIn its quest to gain a significant position in the rural Indian market, Nokia can take a leaf from the strategy adopted by the domestic mobile handset manufacturers. For instance, Videocon mobiles took cues from customers feedback of the need to have large speakers and launched a model accordingly. Again, another regional player Zen mobile realized the importance of launching phones with regional language support as many consumers in the hinterlands and small towns are not well poetize with English language 16. Therefore, they came up with models that had compatibility with 18 different Indian languages.Nokia should also launch certain models which have features that are currently desired by the users and at prices that are comparable to that of the local domestic players. One fire

The Beveridge Report, 1942: Causes and Effects

The Beveridge Report, 1942 Causes and EffectsCHAPTER 2The globeation of the Beveridge propound in declination 1942 is wholeness of those moments in history which offer a eccentric ch t out(p) ensembleenge to historians. It is an font ab disclose which anybody at the cartridge clip had a mountainpoint. I reclaim my Grandfather telling me that William Bevridge was the architect of the wel further-offe state, and the ordinaryation of his decl be marked a turning point in the lives of sounding track people across Britain. It is at that placefore a challenge for the historian to give the sack their pre-conceived nonions, and write an account of the Beveridge cover up based upon the information as it stands, quite an than based upon perceptions. To write more or less what truly motivated Beveridge, what his neat principles were, and what the realistic aims of the promulgate were, rather than making assumptions based upon what is seen at nerve value. That is what I aim to do here.To understand the work, one has to understand the man, and that will be my starting point for this chapter. William Beveridge was a Liberal, indeed he became a complimentary MP in 1944, nonwithstanding he was non a costless in the classic tradition. Indeed, Beveridge would credibly concur more in harsh with the Liberal Democrat tradition of to mean solar day than he would with the tradition of Lloyd George, and it should be remembered that he flirted with the imagination of joining the Labour party at close to the time he wrote his report. Various writers find wrestled with the idea of placing Beveridge approximatelywhere on the left to right political spectrum, but in truth, any act to try and place him in this modality would do the man and his work a disservice. Probably the best(p) analysis is that of the Williams in A Beveridge referee and reiterated by Robert LeaperBeveridge was never a grand accessible theorizer he always favoured a practical, problem centred approach.(1)From the indorse I score seen, it would be best to describe Beveridge as a pragmatist. He byword a problem, and looked for the best solution to solve the problem as he byword it. He showed no app arent occupation for where the solution whitethorn surrender had its origins, only that the solution solved the problem. This is non to imagine that Beveridge did non lease underlying principles. It has been argued by Albert Weale that two persistent themes run through his workThe first is the belief that virtually the prime goal of public indemnity should be the victimisation of an efficient economy capable of high school levels of productivity. Underlying Beveridges conviction on this point, there appears to have been a tacitly assumed belief in the paradox of capitalist return capitalism resulted in a highly un bear upon distribution of wealth, and tho it was the only system capable of producing sufficient wealth to eradicate poverty. The wi nk persistent element in his accessible theory was Beveridges view that a highly centralized bureaucracy, staffed with public-spirited officials, would be the handing instrumentate of loving reform.(2)Having looked at what Beveridge was, it is alike vitally chief(prenominal) to understand what two he and his report were non. Beveridge was not a societalist and he was not a conversionary, and neither was his report. As Eveline Burns points outIn this condition it can be seen that the Beveridge report is evolutionary, rather than revolutionary. The great contribution of the former consists in his recognition of the fact that the end of one st term of development had in fact been reached and that the time was ripe for the reorganization and new brotherhood of the various programs in conformity with the changed nearly-disposed attitudes.(3)Whilst I have low-toned with any idea of this being a report of revolutionary proportions, I essential to a fault break with the arg ument of Bartholemew, which I cerebrate was more or less dismissive of the report. He statesSo what did Beveridge propose? It was real simple. E genuinelyone would make flat-rate contributions to a national indemnification synopsis. Those who fell ill, became unemployed or reached retirement age would, in return, receive flat-rate softenments. That is it. The rest was detail.(4)Bartholemew whitethorn technically be correct. The report did contain a lot of detail centred on this core principle. solely the report also contained a vision or blueprint for the future, and in some(prenominal) respects, it was this part of the report which was of particular interest, as Beveridge went far beyond his initial remit. It is some of these ideas which I would like to look at at a time.As Burns points outIt should be noted first of all that the report is essentially concerned with assuring liberty from ask, in so far as want is due to interruptions of income or to the occurrence of cos ts orthogonal to income to which all or the vast majority of the population are at some time or other liable.(5)But this glide path on want only formulated one part of the overall objectives, which was to flak what Beveridge described as the five giants. Beveridge stated in his secondment of terce guiding principlesThe second principle is that organisation of social redress should be treated as on part of a comprehensive policy of social progress. Social insurance fully developed income security it is an attack upon want. But want is one only of the five giants on the highroad to reconstruction and in some ways the easiest to attack. The others are disease, ignorance squalor and idleness.(6) indoors the report, it was only the giants of want and by implication, idleness which were tackled head on. But with some imagination, it is not demanding to foresee the origins of the NHS, the development of a comprehensive learning system and a local authority house building computer program within its scallywags. Beveridge embodied within his figure, a vision for the future, which could be tackled darn by piece, beginning with want. The moving-picture show painted by Beveridge was an overall aim which he described as followsThe scheme embodies six fundamental principles flat rate of contribution unification of administrative responsibility adequacy of acquire comprehensiveness and classification. Based on them and in combination with national financial aid and voluntary insurance as subsidiary methods, the aim of the plan for social security is to make want under any circumstances unnecessary.(7)Up to this point, I have tended to focus upon the social dimension of the Beveridge report, but as I have said before, we should not loose sight of the virtual(a) dimension of the man. In signing of the report in 1942, Beveridge claimed it was marked by economy in cheek, adequacy in benefits and universality in scope.(8) It is the formulation of economy in ad ministration which is most commonly neglected when spirit at the Beveridge report, and in assessing the man behind it. One of the most central motivations behind the report was the desire to keenise the populateing system which consisted of a set of unconnected bodies working under rules laid vote out by up to six assorted agencies. This system was seen by Beveridge among others as not only inefficient but also expensive in administration costs. Beveridge claimed in the report thatSocial insurance and allied services, as they exist today, are connected by a complex of disconnected administrative organs, proceeding on different principles, doing invaluable service but at no cost in money and trouble and anomalous word of identical problems for which there is no justification. In a system of social security, punter on the whole than can be found in almost any other country, there are serious deficiencies which call for remedy. It is not feed to question that , by closer co-or dination, the existing social services could be made at once more good and more intelligible to those whom they serve and more economical in their administration.(9)The comparable point is made in a rather more cynical manner by BartholemewPeople who looked at the detail and actually commemorate his words understood that the old Victorian was not proposing the bonanza which many assumed thence and continue to believe. Keynes advised Beveridge on his costings and said, the Chancellor of the exchequer should thank his stars that he has got of so cheap. Members of the economic section of the exchequer believed that the Beveridge plan was actually cheaper than the provision which existed previously.(10)The desire of Beveridge to create a more rational economic system as well as being a primary motive more his war on want, was also an important contributing factor in his desire to see a across the country health system. Writing just afterwards the publication of the report, Leo Wolm an wroteThese meat to saying that the scheme, in order to work and to avoid building up excessive expenditures and costs, must provide that the insured be kept respectable and fit for work and remain in employment lest they settle down too often and too considerable to living on the insurance benefits. The report take ons to translate these assumptions into practical proposals by calling upon the government to face the problems of the post-war unemployment and by laying the foundations for an unprecedented system of health and rehabilitation benefits and services.(11)What Wolman observe in Beveridge was a belief that by introducing a health perplexity system a commodiousside the social care system, the health of people would be improved, leading to less stress being put on the social security fund through sickness. This desire to maintain the health of the men is also linked to Beveridges desire for greater efficiency. As Beveridge points out in his reportIt is in the interes t of employers as such that the employees should have security, should be properly maintained during the inevitable intervals of unemployment or of sickness, should have the inwardness which helps to make them efficient producers.(12)It is worth noting that Beveridge received widespread reward among the line of work community based upon his arguments of it leading to greater efficiency of the workforce. Samual Courtauld, chairman of the fabric firm, speaking to the Manchester Rotary Club in February 1943, declared himselfStrongly in favour of the principles and almost all the proposals of the Beveridge report. I have not the faintest distrust that if we can survive the first severe business contraction which arises after the war, social security of this nature will be about the most profitable long-term investment the country could make. It will not neutralize the moral of the nations workers it will ultimately lead to a higher efficiency among them and a lowering of product ion costs.(13)We have up to now focussed upon two dimensions of the aims and principles of the Beveridge report the social and the economic. What we must now do is look at the political principles and aims of the report. I do not refer to party political aims but the underlying political aims. The aims of doing what is best for the nation as Beveridge saw it. There is good evidence that Beveridge saw a danger in men returning from war, seeking a erupt world and seeing nothing better than before. There is also evidence that there was a fear of possible consequences within the can of Commons. Beveridge wrote in his reportThere are yet others who will say that, however desirable it may appear to reconstruct social insurance or to make other plans for a better world of peace, all such concerns must now be put on one side, so that Britain may concentrate upon the urgent task of war. There is no need to spend the words today in emphasising the urgency or the difficulty of the task that faces the British people and their Allies. Only by live on victoriously in the present struggle can they enable the freedom and happiness and kindliness to survive in the world. Only by obtaining from every individual citizen his maximum effort, concentrated upon the purposes of war, can they hope for early victory. This does not alter three facts that the purpose of victory is to live into a better world than the old world that each individual citizen is more apt(predicate) to concentrate upon his war effort if he feels that his government will be ready in time with plans for that better world that if these plans are to be ready in time, they must be made now.(14)If the warnings of Beveridge were relatively subtle, then those expressed by conservative MP, Quinton Hogg, in the parliamentary debate on 17th February, 1943, were very much to the pointSome of my honourable friends front to overlook one or two ultimate facts about social reform. The first is that if you do not give pe ople social reform, they are going to give you social revolution. Let anyone consider the possibility of a series of dangerous industrial strikes following the present hostilities, and the effect that it would have on our industrial recovery.(15)Whilst I am not totally convince that this was a major factor in the reasoning of Beveridge, the lessons of what happened post 1918 would not have been lost on him. I do also believe that it potently influenced Beveridges ability to sell the proposals to the Conservative part effectively. The true utmost of this will be looked at in the next chapter.It has been argued by John Jacobs that the impetus for what was to become the Beveridge report came from the TUC, who had for some time been crush the Government for a comprehensive review of social insurance.(16) Whilst there is no doubt that the TUC had a degree of influence, this is a far too simple model. It is my view that the origins of the report, and the principles within the report lie in the growing credit that the world was changing, that there was a need both socially and economically for systems in place to be made more efficient. William Beveridge had a long history within this area of study and fully understood the deficiencies of the system. As has previously been emphasised, the report was not revolutionary in its ideas. But it was a document which exerted an immense influence upon the future of social policy in Britain. In essence, I would describe the report as the attempts by a pragmatist to rationalise an irrational system.FOOTNOTESSocial indemnity and Administration Vol 25, No 1, ring 1991 oblige By Leaper, R foliate 4Political Studies Vol 27, theme 2, June 1979 Article By Weale, A summonboyboy 288American Economic critical review Vol 33, No 3, September 1943 Article By Burns, E page 519Bartholemew, J The Welfare State Were In (Politico, London, 2004) page 57Prev Cite, Burns page 513Beveridge, W The Beveridge Report on Social and All ied Services 1942 (HMSO, London, 1942) page 1Ibid Page 2Thane, P The Foundations of the Welfare State (Longman, Harlow, 1998) page 235Prev Cite, Beveridge page 6Prev Cite, Bartholemew page 58Political Science quarterly Vol 58, No 1, March 1943 Article By Wolman, L page 6-7Prev Cite, Beveridge page 109Manchester Guardian, February 19th, 1943Prev Cite, Beveridge page 171Hansard Parliamentary Debates 17th February, 1943, Col 1818Jacobs, J Beveridge 1942-1992 (Whiting and Birch, London, 1992) page cxlCHAPTER 3Time magazine printed on December 14th, 1942Not since the day of Munich had the British press given such play to any private story. War news was all but pushed from the pages of Londons war-curtailed dailies. many another(prenominal) of them devoted half their space to news of the document which, in the thick of war, looked forward to a better post-war world. The Beveridge Report, published last week was the biggest event for Britons in many years.(1)In our present day age of cynicism towards anything political, it is difficult to imagine the idea of a government commissioned report change 90,000 copies in its first week, and eventually seeing sales of 600,000. Even less, the idea of people cueing outside HMSO in London to buy a copy. such euphoria today is usually reserved for the latest Harry potter around adventures. But in December 1942, this is exactly what happened. People wanted to but and read this document. It was headlined by Time as Rare and Refreshing Beveridge. This is in all likelihood an accurate representation of how people in Britain saw this report. A rarified opportunity to read something new and refreshing. The Beveridge report appeared to capture a humor in a way which was not seen before, and is extremely unlikely to be seen again.What is also unlikely to be seen again is a document with such overwhelming approval. Bartholemew notes thatIn a survey at the time, 9teen out of twenty people had heard of the report and almost al l were in favour of it.(2)The multitude Observation Archives provide us with a valuable insight as to the public perception of the report at the time. Typical of the results was that of a male skilled worker of 50, from StreathamI have read it and think it champion and will take a demoralize off the minds of people. The most important proposals, well they are all very important but suppose the Retirement Pension and Unemployment increase are perhaps the greatest benefit. It should be passed as quickly as possible. I do not see how anybody can oppose it except perhaps the Insurance Companies but they dont matter, they have feathered their nests long enough.(3)Two things are evoke to note from this. Firstly, how enthusiasm can lead people to see things which are not there in this illustration the promise of higher pensions and unemployment benefits. Secondly, the cynicism towards the insurance companies which would today, probably be leveled towards the politicians. Amid the eu phoria, there were comments which, although not rattling dissent, questioned some of the assumptions. The following is an sagacity of a cleaning lady regarding family planningWell Im one of the bad egoistical women I had only one child because I didnt want any more. And now that my husband and I have parted Im not particularly sorry. I think my young slender girl looks forward to having a family of three or four. But of course she may change her mind when she marries or after shes had one. After all, its such a terribly personal problem. I think that family payments and better housing and more hope of social security would make a difference to the number of children in better off working class and lower middle class homes. But I dont think anything on earth would make the educated classes start having big families, because they simply dont want them.(4)This is a rejection of the idea that family allowance payments would lead to larger families, This is an interesting observat ion in light of concerns at the time concerning the declining population. What should be clear from these observations of public opinion is a curb of what Bartholemew said. There was widespread public support for the Beveridge plan, to such an extent, the government acted before on the proposals than they had initially wanted. There is a general belief that the public support put pressure on the government to accept the conclusions of the report whilst the war was in progress. In light of this overwhelming public support, it is interesting to look at where op dumbfound and criticism to the report came from.From what I have seen, I would place the immunity and criticism to the report into four different groups government op puzzle (particularly the treasury), the Marxist left, the Right Wing of the Conservative Part, and womens liberationist opposition. I have not analysed opposition from insurance companies separately as their arguments correspond with those of the Tory right, a nd are fairly self explanatory. What is necessary is to look at the nature of the opposition from these four groups what motivated their opposition, and to look at what extent these oppositions were ideological systemal or practical. This will provide a better picture of where the country stood at this time.As I have mentioned earlier, public opinion compelled the government to act in a way which it did not really want to. There were concerns within the government regarding Beveridgess plan, particularly from the treasury. This position has been well explained by Pat ThaneThe treasury expressed serious doubts about the possible effects of Beveridges plans on the post-war fiscal situation. They feared that it would require a high level of taxation which would discourage saving and hinder post-war expansion. A fierce debate was conducted among government economic advisors between those who argued that need could be met more effectively and cheaply by benefits performer-tested on the same undercoat as the newly introduced annual tax returns and adjusted to local cost-of-living variations, and Keynes, who admitted the logic of this view but argued that this was impossible without a reform of the system of direct taxation, which was not immediately practicable, and that contributory insurance was a useful means of making employers share the costs of welfare. Keynes was convinced that the Beveridge plan was the cheapest alternative open to us and that the feared financial difficulties could be avoided by careful Treasury management.(5)To the historian, this Treasury opposition was by far the most important. In analysing the political mode of the day, it shows differences of thinking at the highest levels of government at a time of war, and when a coalition government was considered to be united. But even more importantly, this Treasury opposition was to continue into the period of implementation, and as we shall see later on, these arguments had with child(p) c onsequences upon how the Beveridge plan was implemented. It should also be noted at this stage that opposition within Government was not restricted to the Treasury. Ironically, Bevin was initially strongly argue to the conclusions of Beveridge, believing that it was contrary to the interests of the trade unions, which were best met by higher wages, although the TUC were strongly behind the plan.Whilst the majority of the Socialist movement including the Labour company, the TUC and interestingly the communist troupe, were firmly behind the plan, the Marxist left were strongly against the plan on ideological terms. Their position is well restartd by a Socialist Party of Great Britain pamphlet written in 1943We propose to show that this ostensibly philanthropic gesture on the part of the Government will not be an entirely unmixed blessing for the working population, and the approval with which it has been received by different sections of political opinion arises in some cases fro m the deal lack of knowledge that whatever benefits, if any, may accrue to a indisputable number of workers, the employers will most surely gain on agreement in the long run.(6)The essence of the Marxist left position was that capitalism was the cause of poverty and could not be reformed. It would therefore be malign for state-controlleds to support attempts to reform the system to make it more palatable. Groups such as the socialist party of Great Britain also viewed the report as an attempt to placate the working class, and prevent any possible social revolution at the end of the war. The position of these groups was in the overall scheme of things, of little relevance. This may not have been the case if the Communist Party, by far the largest Marxist organisation, had adopted a Marxist position rather than the reform-minded position of the TUC.If the opposition of the Treasury was practical, and the opposition of the left was ideological, then the opposition of the Tory ri ght was a combination of the two. There existed then as now, a strong desire to minimise the role of government in personal matters as much as possible, and so there was a natural ideological objection to the government run social insurance scheme. Conservative MP, David Willetts has reflected upon the Tory opposition, and has drawn the following conclusionsConservatives were wary of Beveridge for two main reasons. The Conservative Party conference of 1943 passed a motion That this conference is of the opinion that the existing fond societies should remain part of our social security system in response to the fear that Beveridges ambitious new social insurance scheme would undermine friendly society provision, a fear which proved well founded. There was also a worry that these benefits would not be as well-targeted as Beveridge hoped.(7)As I referred to at the start, there was a certain coronation between the position of the Tory right and that of the Insurance companies, whose p rimary concern was that they would loose a lot of business by Beveridges proposals. Their position was on the whole supported by the Tory right. The position of the Tory right was surely more influential than that of the left, by virtue of the fact that they had a character in parliament, but we should not overestimate the specialism of their opposition in overall terms. Indeed, their position had little impaction upon the outcome of the report. There was probably greater support for their position within government than was apparent, but political expediency led others to take a more liberal position.The most interesting ideological position was that of the libber movement. Their position has been effectively laid out by Sheila BlackburnSocialist feminists maintain that, despite womens sterling(prenominal) war effort, Beveridge deliberately rock-bottom married women, with regard to social security, to second class citizens. This, they insist, Beveridge achieved via three mea ns. First, Beveridge specified that married working women should pay reduced national insurance contributions and, as a result, they received lower benefits. Second, socialist feminists discuss how Beveridge made arrangements for married working women. Third and most importantly, feminists remark Beveridge for assuming that the majority of married/co-habiting women would abandon paid work to be financially supported by a male bread winner.(8)We must be careful at this stage to avoid moving away from the question we are looking at that is opposition at the time to Beveridge. The feminist debate upon Beveridge continues to this day, and we must avoid using current arguments and high-and-mighty them upon feminists in 1942. But there is a strong body of evidence to suggest that these arguments formed part of the feminist opposition at the time. This has been reflected by Leaper in looking at the demands of the Womans independence League. They demandedthat men and women should in mar riage not be treated as a team but as individuals each paying equal contributions and receive equal benefits and that in every case men and women should pay the same and receive the same benefits.(9)He has also quoted the following infusion from Abbott and Bompass who published a fierce feminist critique of the report in 1943It is where the plan falls short of being really mutual in character, where it shuts out or exempts from all direct participation over nine million adult women, where it imposes financial burdens on men alone, instead of spread them equitably over all, that it fails and is open to criticism.(10)The importance of the feminist lobby should not be overstated. Whilst there was extensive feminist opposition to Beveridge, he also gained much support, as Blackburn has pointed outBeveridges views were largely in gibe with those of the majority of the organised womens movement in Britain in the 1930s and 1940s and it seems futile and somewhat patronising to berate bot h him and them for weakness to think what they ought to have thought from the vantage point of the 1990s.(11)I would summarise that the feminist position was important in 1942, but had little impact upon the implementation of the Beveridge proposals. The importance of the feminist position has been in the ways in which the welfare state has been altered, taking on board many of the feminist arguments. I would be my argument therefore, that the feminist argument has gained in strength and credibility over time, and is now highly influential in the act upon of the welfare state.The Beveridge report was without doubt a monumental document, which gained public foretell to an extent which we are unlikely to ever see again. One should not underestimate the role of Beveridge himself in gaining this support. In many respects, Beveridge was a very modern politician. He manipulated the media very effectively, building up substantial support for his report before it was published. As a resu lt, the opposition was limited. As I have mentioned, the most important opposition came from the Treasury, and this opposition did impact upon the way Beveridge was implemented. But on the whole, the support was far too extensive for it to be ignored, and the spirit, if not all the detail became the foundation of the welfare state.FOOTNOTESTime Monday, December 14th, 1942Bartholemew, J The Welfare State Were In (Politico, London, 2004) page 56Mass Observation Archive Topic Collections on Social Welfare and the Beveridge Report, 1939-1949IbidThane, P The Foundation of the Welfare State (Logman, Harlow, 1998) page 236Website www.worldsocilaism.orgWebsite www.davidwilletts.org.ukWomans history Review Vol 4, No 3, 1995 Article By Sheila Blackburn page 371Social Policy and Administration Vol 25, No 1, March 1991 Article By Leaper, R page 18Ibid page 18Prev Cite Blackburn page 376BIBLIOGRAPHYTitmuss, R Essays on the Welfare State (Unwin University Books, London, 1963)Political Quarter ly Vol 14, No 2 in front and After Beveridge ledger of Social Policy Vol 27, No 1 Article By Jim TomlinsonThe Economic Journal Vol 53, April 1943 Article By Owen, ADKHistorical Journal Vol 35, No 3, 1992 Article By Fielding, SReview of Economic Studies, Vol 11, No 1, 1943 Article By Hicks, JR

Identification of Prednisolone Acetate

Identification of Prednisolone Acetate appointment AND CHARACTERIZATION OF DRUGThe procured prednisolone acetate was identified and characterized found on the following parameters.ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIESFor the selected attempts ( dose + excipients) the following organoleptic properties were studied victimisation descriptive ter bitology. Those were nature, odour and saturationPARTITIONING BEHAVIOR OF PA IN DISTINCT LIPIDSThe percent splitter coefficient of Prednisolone acetate in selected lipides was canvass as elucidated elsewhere. On the get off the ground of the study/briefly, a florilegium composed of limpid lipid and 10mL of de-ionized weewee to this 10mg of PA was added. The resultant categorization was agitated reciprocally for one hr hold opened at 50C to a higher place the lipid change state point. The amount of lipid utilized was mentioned in table 1. The resultant statistical distribution was allowed to simmer down. Upon making cool both phases were separated by ultracentrifugation ( ) at 15,000 rev and tryed. The drug issue in supernatant was analyzed spectrophotometrically (240nm). The percent division coefficient was predicted as follows% partition = w1-w2/w1 x 100W1 = Amount of drug addedW2 = Amount of drug in aqueous phaseDETERMINATION OF MELTING POINTPA feeding point was instructd by capillary method. Theoritical appreciate was compared with practical rate. sack ON DRYINGThis method measures the weight of volatile compounds or moisture of any(prenominal) kind which can be driven off nether the undertake conditions. Stoppered, shallow glass bottle was weighed and dried under the specified conditions. 2 grams of sample was accurately weighed and transferred to dried bottle. accordingly the skew-whiff bottle was in electric oven, removed stopper and left near by it in drying chamber at 1050c for 2 hours at atmospheric military press. After devil hours the glass container was interpreted unwrap from oven and w eighed it again.The following formula was apply for the tally of LOD% LOD = Mass of leaven specimen Mass of loaded bottle aft(prenominal) drying/ Mass of sample Mass of empty glass bottleIR SPECTROSCOPY OF DRUGThin pellet was prepared development atomic number 19 bromide and drug in a ratio of 1001 respectively. The molecular state of prednisolone acetate was studied exploitation FTIR spectrometer.DSCPA thermogram was obtained in DSC 200 F3 Maia using empty aluminum scrap as reference. The accurately weighed 2mg of sample was exposed to temperature range 0oc five hundredoc under due north atmosphere (flow rate 60ml/min) at a heating rate of 10oc/min.UV-VISIBLE SPECTROPHOTOMETER (WAVE continuance SELECTION)10mg of drug was dissolved in 100mL of simulated nasal electrolyte solution (SNES) which results in 100g/ml concentration solution. From this 25 g/ml was prepared. A few ml of this solution is transferred into cuvette (path length of 10mm cell) and scanned in the waf ture length range of 200-400nm against SNES as silent person in double glint UV-Vis spectrophotometer.COMPATIBILITY STUDIES OF LIPID AND SURFACTANT MIXTUREThe selected mixtures of lipid and wetter, lipid and co wetting agent were blended at diverse ratios like 11, 21, 31 and 41. The blend was mixed for 10min and mixtures were observed visually for clarity (or) absence of turbidity. solubility STUDIES OF PREDNISOLONE ACETATEThe solubility of drug was estimated in diverse buffers, lipids, surfactant mixture ratios and solvents which are essential during development of cooking.IN DIFFERENT LIPIDS prove tube method was use for analysis of PA solubility in several solid lipids. To determine it 10mg of drug was placed to a test tube and temperature was maintained 50c higher/above the lipid melting point. The lipid was added an increase in quantity of 10mg till PA was solubilized completely and quantity of solid lipid needed for decay of drug was determined.IN divers(a) RATIOS OF S URFACTANT MIXTUREThe solubility of prednisolone acetate was investigated in numerous surfactant and co-surfactant ratios range from 11 to 41(Sur Co-sur- Sur Co-sur). solvability studies were analyzed by adding an excess amount of PA in a 20 mL screw capped containers consisting disparate ratios of 10mL of each surfactant mixture. The mixtures were vortexed on orbital shaker at 50 rpm for 2 days at 37oc to enhance solubilization. After attaining equilibrium the samples were ultracentrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 30 min to separate the undissolved drug (PA) and supernatant was filtered through whatman filter paper. HPLC grade methanol was used to dilute the supernatant sample and these were filtered with 0.45 m membrane filter. consequently, the diluted samples were used to quantify the PA by UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 240nm.IN DIFFERENT SOLVENTS AND BUFFERSThe excess quantity of drug was added to 10ml of diverse solvents includes pH 6, 6.4, 7, 7.4, 8 phosphate buffer, ethanol, doub le distilled water and methanol in a 25ml strengthtric flask. Then flasks were properly capped and agitated at 370.5oc in orbital shaker for 48 hours. The samples were filtered through whatman filter paper. The filtrate was diluted using suitable diluent and again filtered using 0.45m membrane filters. Then samples were analyzed at 240nm by UV spectrophotometer. dsCOMPATIBILITY STUDIES OF DRUG AND EXCIPIENTSThe selected excipients were listed in GRAS (Generally recognized as safe by FDA) and used in various pharmaceutical formulations. Which are procured from reputed national and multinational manufacturers. The study of compatibility between drug and excipients was followed as.DSC system Differential scanning calorimetry was carried out using DSC F3 Maia instrument to analyze the melting transitions and heat mental ability changes of drug alone and tangible mixtures. The physical mixtures were prepared by triturating the PA and excipients in the ratio of 110 in a trench morta r for five minutes. The samples (5mg) were loaded in aluminum pans, sealed hermitically and heated under inert gas i.e. nitrogen at the flow rate of 60mL /min at 10oc/min heating rate ranges/set from 0 oc to 500 oc. The standard reference was an empty alumina crucible. The above said parameters/ conditions were used to analyze the samples and thermograms of DSC recorded/ data recorded using proteus software.Samples analyzed for DSC and FTIR were followed asThe above physical mixtures compatibility was also found by adding desire quantity of mixture in glass vials and subjected to 60 oc for 30 days. The physical appearance of mixture was not changed at the end of the study.FTIRAPI was mixed with different excipients separately and spectral analysis was carried out using FTIR to study the placebo interference. The touch pellet method was used to study the FTIR spectral studies. In this analysis, test-excipient mixture and potassium bromide were taken in the ratio of 1100. The mixtur e when placed in hydraulic press under vacuum pressure of 800 mPa resulted in the formation of compressed thin transparent disc. The molecular states of samples were traced/determined between 4000- thou cm-1 using Bruker FTIR spectrophotometer. The obtained IR spectras were evaluated to determine interactions. The data mentioned in table . Graphical representation shown/given in practice . mode DEVELOPMENT OF PREDNISOLONE ACETATEA survey of literature had showed that different instrumental methods like UV, HPLC, and HPTLC were reported for the quantification of prednisolone acetate. The present research build focused on development of UV spectroscopic method for prodigality samples estimation and HPLC for drug content, dissolution and bioanalytical quantification.Preparation of simulated nasal electrolyte solution(SNES)A solution of SNES was prepared by adding 8.77g of sodium chloride, 2.98g of potassium chloride, 0.45g of calcium chloride in water and finally made the volume to 100 mL resulting in pH 5.5.UV-Vis METHODStock solution prepartion100mg of test sample was accurately weighed, transferred into 100 mL volumetric flask. To this little quantity of ethanol was added to dissolve the sample and made the volume up to 100ml using SNES (pH5.5) to get 1000g/ml concentration stock solution.Prepartion of Linearity plotFrom the above stock solution 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5ml were transferred in separate 100 mL volumetric flasks and diluted up to the mark with SNES to produce 5, 10,15, 20, 25 g/ml concentrations respectively. The absorbance of each concentration was recorded in 1cm cell with SNES as unfilled at 240nm using Shimadzu, UV spectrophotometer. This bit was done over for 3 times. With concentration on x-axis and absorbance on y-axis a calibration graph was constructed. lay to rest day and intraday studies were carried out for the determination of accuracy and precision using 1,5,10 g/ml standard concentration solutions. The readings were tabulated in ta ble and figure .HPLC METHODPSEUDOTERNARY PHASE DIAGRAM CNSTRUCTIONTo construct the phase plots (prosim 1.0 software) hot water titration method was used. Through these phase diagrams components concentration range was investigated which can be results in existence of large microemulsion area. The surfactants used were tween 80,60,20, Cremophor RH40 and cosurfactants were ethanol, PEG 400. The surfactant and cosurfactants was blended in fixed weight ratios such as 11, 21, 31, 41. Solid lipids were tristearin, tripalmitin, GMS, stearic acid, Palmitic acid, cetyl palmitate. Lipid was melted at 65oc to this demand quantity of hot surfactant mixture was added followed by adding water thieve by drop to mixture under stirring with magnetic stirrer until turbidity formed.DEVELOPMENT OF DRUG LOADED MICROEMULSIONSFrom each phase diagram ME area was calculated by using CAD software. From each lipid, based on the above area values highest area of phase diagram was selected then the ME formu lations were taken at required component weight ratios. The procedure of desired microemulsion was as follows. Required amount of lipid heated at 65oc in this 10mg of PA was dissolved. Heated SM and water was added to the above melted lipid mixture under stirring. The mixture was categorized as microemulsions if melt was appeared clear. Then mixture was considered as microemulsion.SOLID LIPID NANO subdivisionS PREPAR TION USING study SONICATORPA SLNs were prepared by hot lipid microemulsion technique. Drug loaded ME procedure was aforementioned in page No . 2mL of loaded ME was taken in a glass syringe using 22 gage needle. Then it was added dropwise to a 3mL of cold de-ionized water under ice bathe (2-4oc) and sonicated by probe sonicator for different time periods (5, 10, 15 min) specified by box behnken design at 200w amplitude to solidify the SLNs. The tip diam of probe 8mm was dipped in liquid of 10mm leads to reflecting upwards and wave piteous downwards.DRUG CONTENT (ASS AY) DETERMINATION1 mL of solid diffusion from the formulations selected for evaluation was transferred into 10mL volumetric flask and diluted up to the mark with methanol. Then the solution was subjected to ultracentrifugation for 15 min at 10,000 rpm. Then the supernatant was aspirated, filtered, befittingly diluted and measured the absorbance at max 243nm. The results given in remandHR TEMThe surface morphology of prepared SLNs like speck size, particle shape and aggregation were analyzed by HRTEM operating at 120kv voltage. The samples were diluted properly, stained by 2% phosphotungistic acid. A drop of aqueous public exposure was placed /mounted on carbon coated 400mesh copper grids which is to be allowed for 5 min to dry the nanoparticles on grid before exam under IR lamp/AIR DRY and TEM images were recorded with mangnification range from 11500-50000x.PARTICLE POTENTIAL, SIZE AND POLYDISPERSITY INDEX(PI)For the prepared SLNs the mean particle size, zeta potential and PI were performed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) with a zetasizer Nano ZS90 (Malvern application center, banglore), model pane 3690 and equipped with 4mW, 633nm He-Ne laser. The measurements were made at the following conditionsRefractive index of forte 1.330Dielectric constant value 78.5Viscosity of strewing medium 0.8872Temperature 250cThen the samples (100l) were diluted to 1mL with de-ionized water to prevent multi scattering and transferred in to a fluid zeta cuvettes to record the particle size. The size measurement angle was 900. The PI value was used to determine particle size distribution. The same instrument was used for the determination of zeta potential using an laser Doppler electrophoresis technique. Zeta potential value was calculated from the mean mobility of electrophoresis values by henry equation. The measurements were done in triplicate.ENTRAMENT EFFICIENCY% EE of the PA was studied by find out the unentrapped drug concentration in supernatant layer(aqueou s layer). Accurately measured 5ml of (equivalent to 10mg of PA) nanoparticle dispersion was transferred to eppendorf centrifuge tubes and centrifuged at 15000 rpm for 30 min at -3oc using ultra cooling centrifuge. Then the supernatant was separated, diluted appropriately using SNES and filtered using 0.45 m membrane filter. The filtered samples were estimated by using UV spectrophotometer at max 240nm against blank. Encapsulation efficiency was determined using the equation.% EE = Quantity of drug added weight of drug in aqueous phase/ mass of drug added x 100INVITRO DIFFUSION STUDIESDialysis bag method was used to determine invitro diffusion release profile of PA and using a USP dissolution apparatus II. Before using dialysis membrane was soaked in SNES for 12 hours and the molecular cutoff of membrane was between 12000-14000. The following conditions were used to place out diffusion studies.The run speed of paddle 100 rpmDiffusion medium SNES (pH 5.5)Volume of medium 500mLTemper ature 370.5ocTime intervalsThe SLNs dispersion containing the 10mg/5mL(amount equivalent to one dose of drug) was transferred in dialysis bag and tied at both ends. Then the it was suspended in the receptor compartment containing SNES pH 5.5. An fractional of 5ml samples were removed at fixed time points from receptor medium. The same volume of fresh buffer was replaced after every time point to maintain constant buffer volume. The fresh buffer was also maintained at the same temperature(370.5oc ) similar to sample. The PA concentration was estimated using UV-Visible spectrophotometer at 240nm against blank (SNES). The final optimized sample concentration was further determined by HPLC. The selected formulation results data were shown in Table and graphical representation in figureRELEASE KINETICSThe release mechanism of drug from solid lipid nanoparticles were analyzed and determined by fitting the invitro release data to different kinetic models includes Zero, first order, higuch i and peppas-korsemayer.ReferencesUV-VISIBLEE.G.C. Clarke, Isolation and Identifeation of Drugs, volume 1 ,The Pharmaceutical Press, London, 1978, p. 270

The History Of Why Bother?

The History Of Why B different?The Temperatures argon rising, cytosine emissions are increasing, ice caps are melting at a faster appreciate than most scientists expected and planet humankind is experiencing ecological and environmental issues payable to global heating plant. Earth as we know it might change drastic whollyy in the next couple of decades and it is our responsibility to withhold the environment and preserve earth. Michael Pollans Why Bother opens the commentators eyeball in a powerful manor to global warming and think environmental issues. Pollan uses rhetorical st enjoingies such as current and past events, logos and pathos to persuade the subscriber to bother(218) and get down opinion of the environment as an issue that involves all of the tidy sum. Pollan approaches the ref from contrary standing(a) points as he addresses each counter argument and gives the reasons of wherefore people should bother.Pollan argues that despite the fact that our pla nt is at risk because of carbon emissions, we(the people) have non done anything to stop it. It is this passive attitude, Pollan argues, that prevents us from parcel our planet. Michael Pollen quotes Wendell Berry saying that the deep standing problem behind all the other problems of industrial civilization is specialization(87). It is this specialization that causes people to play totally one role in society and that they cannot expand to other celestial sphere which they are not familiar with. In other words, people do not waste their time on environmental issues because they do not believe that it is their job to do so. The author urges the reader to libe arrange from the cheap-energy melodic theme (120) and for once try to make a difference in the world. Pollan suggests that the crush way of being jet is to plant a garden. Although Pollan suggests many other ways of being green in his article such as purchasing a hybrid car, walking to work, or even ever-changing your lig ht bulbs to candescent type like Al Gore suggested in An Inconvenient Truth, none of these ideas will reduce peoples sense of dependence (182) or reduce carbon footprint as much as a garden would Pollan hopes that a persons decision of being green would influence some other person which in turn would execute a huge compass reaction.Pollan effectively uses examples of current and past events throughout the article to show the reader how big the problem is. He uses Al Gores An Inconvenient Truth which is a familiar docudrama to most readers to support his argument and to give the reader a hint astir(predicate) what his article is going to be about. Pollan makes a connection with the reader when he describes his own feeling about the documentary when saying Al Gore scared the hell out of me, constructing an short convincing case that the very survival of life on earth as we know it is threatened by humor change.(4) Pollan also references the analysis of Wendell Berry, a Kentuc ky farmer and writer, to support his argument of the peoples dependency for solutions on specialists. He points to the people who fund and support environmental organizations while polluting the environment in their bothday life. Pollan notes that the people will not change and think about the environment unless they overcome the double personalities in their believes and behaviors. All this comes down to the honourable prospective of each person and his inner consciousness to identify intelligibly what is wrong around him with regard to the impact on the environment.Pollan uses logos in a powerful manor to convince the reader of adopting a green life-style. He tries to influence the reader by presenting the scientists projections about global warming that seemed dire a decade ago to have been unduly optimistic.(48) as the melting of the ice caps are occurring at a faster rate than expected. Pollan effectively uses a set of words to describe the boost of the rate of change to the melting down of the ice caps such as terrifying, profound and scary to influence the reader and think more seriously about global warming. Pollan then ends with a question to keep the reader thinking about global warming, he says have you looked into the eyes of a climate scientist recently? They look really scared.(53)Another strategy which Pollan excels is the use of pathos to convey his point and to reinforce and strengthen his argument. Pollan engages with the reader in a set of counter arguments of why not to bother throughout his article. He presents many questions that are common and familiar to the reader such as the evil twin(15) that lives halfway around the world and is eager to replace every last pound of CO2 a person is struggling no longer to emit.(18) This way, Pollan makes a connection between the reader and himself in a manner that ties the reader to his analytical thoughts. Pollan addresses each question throughout his article until he reaches to a conclusion of why to bother.(218) Pollan states that thinking about the environment and at to the lowest degree planting a garden have sweeter reasons(218) than just benefiting the environment. These reasons consist of improve the split between what you think and what you do(219) and re-engaging with neighbors. These reasons might influence other people to follow the same path in dealing with environment and create a chain reaction that grows to outside of ones community.Michael Pollans Why Bother opens the readers eyes in a powerful manor to global warming and related environmental crises. He uses many rhetorical strategies to convey his argument such as past and current event, logos and pathos to persuade the reader to bother(218) and start thinking of global warming and related environmental issues as a serious matter that involves all of the people. Pollan approaches the reader from different standing points as he addresses each counter argument and gives the reasons of why to bother.(218)

The causes and effects of mergers and acquisitions

The causes and effects of coalitions and attainmentsIt is still the pop out of the 21st centimeury and as per the predictions, the world is moving at a brisk speed. The great deal who catches up with the world right now completelyow for be sufficient to survive some others will non be able to follow them. Same is the baptistry with the companies of the 21st century. Companies today want to be fast growing, efficient, profitable, flexible, adaptable, and future-ready and squander a dominant market position. Without these qualities, firms believe that it is al about unworkable to be competitive in todays global economy.Academics and other observers attain value-maximization,6 managerial ego, mimicry, the need to reduce uncertainty and defensive considerations (acquire to avoid organism acquired ensure that growth lionizes up with that of competitors, etc.) and amply levels of merged reserves and office valuations among the motives behind consolidation in financial services.Supporters of MAs allege that they facilitate synergies among merged shapings, generate efficiency betterments and increase competitiveness. Indeed, they hold that mergers, by increase economies of scale and spreading personifys everyplace a larger node base, enable financial operators to provide services at let d have prices. Demonstrating that MAs improve efficiency is thus central to make the case for the consumer benefits of mergers and in assessing their emf impact on consumers.7 If mergers improve efficiency, then larger, combined firms whitethorn be expected to pass approximately savings on to consumers through lower prices or improved service.In any(prenominal) industries such(prenominal)(prenominal) as redress or banking, firms may move into new markets. In others such as pharmaceuticals or softw be technology, firms may work with smaller firms that have unquestionable or are developing new products that they can manu detailure and/or distribute more e fficiently, while other firms focus on their own intragroup growth, leadership and development. Regardless of industry, however, it appears that it has become all but impossible in our global environment for firms to compete with others without growing and expanding through deals that offspring in mergers or acquisitions.Mergers and acquisitions are increasingly being used by firms to strengthen and maintain their position in the market place. They are seen by many as a relatively fast and efficient bearing to expand into new markets and incorporate new technologies. Yet their success is by no means assured. To the contrary, a majority fall short of their express goals and objectives.Mergers Acquisitions an probability to improve employee relations or pull off some krafty moves?Mergers and Acquisitions (MA) have been a current topic indoors HR and job Law for a long time now but the buy the farm ten long time has seen far greater opportunities opening up for companies (inc luding semiprivate equity funds etc) to make that transforming acquisition or merger with a rival which will deliver major financial benefits and enhance shareowner value. Of course it is a well known fact that more than 60% of mergers/acquisitions fail to achieve their planned objectives. One major contributory cistron in this has been the failure to pay sufficient attention to the slew smell of this type of change.Emotions can and do run high during protracted MA battles. Obviously the financial, legal and commercial issues will take precedence over the people issues. However compelling the financial or commercial case, a takeover will not succeed if key individuals are not cause to make the new arrangements work. Those key individuals can be at any level in the business and it is not always the case that there are many other qualified and more motivated people hardly waiting to take their places. Rectifying these problems, although possible, can be costly. kraft paper may rue the day when they failed to deliver on their commitment and fired many associationable and experienced lag at Cadburys near Keynsham.Neglecting the mankind factor isa frequent cause of failureCultural and emblematic elements in MAs are typically framed in terms of the billet between the merging firms, thus leading to an us versus them dualism. The creation of formal, internal communications mechanisms as early as possible in the address is necessary to limit the anxiety that will other than be fuelled by rumour, the grapevine, or heretofore outside news reports. Employees complain that their first-year knowledge that their employer is involved in a merger or acquisition is much from the morning news before setting off for work.According to a Hewitt Associates executive, the fact that the human factor is taken into account in al maven 5 per cent of MAs explains why more than half of them in all sectors fail. Teams are usually piece together to oversee merger and acqu isition operations. These teams almost always comprise specialists in legal and financial issues as well as experts in strategy but rarely do they include human resource forthwithors. One possible explanation is the fact that speed is generally considered of capital importance for success. While the integration conformation of merging enterprises may cover between three to five years, the first 100 days after the announcement of the transaction are the most crucial for success or failure. It has become common practice to arise and communicate to staff and shareholders a programme of integration activities to cover this period, when the feelings of fear, apathy, demotivation and the unmixed victor and vanquished syndromes are at their highest. Since a majority of mergers end up with the elimination of overlapping functions and positions, the first 100 days are apparent to be those when staff are most uncertain about jobs, public life prospects and the disappearance of their own corporate culture.To reduce the possibilities of failure in MAs, some concern experts have recommended that human capital be placed at the centre of the process, or at least be given sufficient attention to that assigned to economic and financial considerations. According to this school of thought, such a redirection would enable acquirers to select the most compatible acquisition targets from a human resource perspective and make integration that much easier. frank communication on a daily basis between counselling and staff helps to dispel some of the uncertainties of MAs and avoid organizational drift. Employees should be sure in good time about the manner in which redundancies, if there are to be any, will be decided and about the berth of their trade meats or representatives in the process. It is likewise important for staff from the acquired organization to be assured that the rights and entitlements they had with their previous employer are to be respected otherwise t here is a high probability of conflict. Merger uncertainties are also frequently blamed for the loss of talent from target companies, which can crush the very basis for the merger. The failed merger plans between the Deutsche Bank and Dresdner Bank in April 2000 demonstrate how staff resistance can undermine corporate strategies and management wishes. Integration of teams from the respective investment banks of the two parent banks posed a risk to the balance already achieved between staff in Deutsche Morgan Grenfell and the antecedently acquired Bankers Trust.MAs imply immediate and direct job losses A mull on the efficiency effects of bank mergers in the United States,49 which summarizes baseball club case studies, reports that all nine mergers evented in significant cost acerb in line with pre-merger projections, although only four of the mergers were clearly successful in improving cost efficiency. As for employment, the largest volume of cost reductions was generally assoc iated with staff reductions and data processing systems and operations. Payroll reductions often accounted for over 50per cent of the total cost reduction and in at least one case the reduction in staff be accounted for nearly two-thirds of the total. In all cases, the savings achieved were of the order of 30 to 40 per cent of the non-interest expenses of the target. only of the merged firms indicated that the actual savings either met or exceeded expectations. Most of the firms communicate that the cost savings would be fully achieved inwardly three years after the merger, with the majority of the savings being achieved after two years.Managing downsize relatedto MA restructuringWhile MAs are driven largely by financial considerations, their success alertly depends on the motivation of persist ined workers to abide to the achievement of merger objectives. The high proportion of failed MAs may not be unrelated to the manner in which staff are often relegated to cost variable s rather than being made active partners in the change process. well-disposed plans, guarantees against forced departures and the involvement of staff in MA-related decision-making are critical cause factors. The study referred to in Chapter 169 concluded that the failure of the overwhelming majority of MAs resulted from submersion on hard legal and finance issues to the detriment of the soft people issues in merger planning and implementation. Poor communications with employees appeared to pose a greater risk than that with shareholders, suppliers or customers. The study found that success was linked to a holistic approach when the soft people and cultural issues were an inbuilt part of the focus on financial performance. Of the companies involved in the survey, just nine (less than 10 per cent of respondents) addressed all the soft keys, and separately was successful. The study stresses the fact that once value was lost, it was seldom recovered. Even though possibly the most difficult to implement effectively, headcount reduction was the ambit in which most companies reported achieving their targets. Loss of staff an inevitable result of MAs often included the very individuals the acquirer needed and intended to keep to succeed. MA value extraction was impossible without the enthusiastic cooperation of employees.MAs, remuneration and othercompensation issuesTwo conflicting aims appear to characterize current practices in financial sector remuneration the need to reduce labour costs within a context of increasing competition and decreasing favourableness and the necessity to compensate and adequately reward employee performance and commitment within an environment of continuous and challenging change.75 Recent trends in compensation policies are moving towards more contingent, individualized and explicitly performance-based systems, while seeking to retain workers loyalty and commitment to organizational goals. This might explain why changes in compen sation have tended to be less dramatic than expected compared with both(prenominal) current rhetoric and experience in other industries. The main expulsion to the industry trend is the United States, where in the absence of a collective wage agreement or any kind of coordination between banks in wage setting, wide differences in compensation levels both between and within financial institutions have always been the rule. Sales-based bonuses, either individual-based (as for lenders in wholesale operations) or distributed via managers to branch offices, are the most widespread example of incentives, while commissions have become common for crucial jobs, such as investment advisors.76MAs and work timeThe link between financial sector concentration and patterns in regular working time is difficult to identify because working-time agreements depend upon the guinea pig context and are not limited to the sector under consideration.Banks word meaning of the retailing model is encour aging them to adjust their hours to customer requirements, extending opening hours on at least one day a week and even opening some branches on traditionally closed days such as Saturdays a trend which has aroused strong trade union reactions in a number of countries. It goes without saying that MAs can provide an opportunity for management to opt for more customer-friendly working hours. However, the rapid development of Internet-based direct banking and ATMs often accelerating and accelerated by MAs has the opposite effect of reducing the need for longer opening hours.Given that successful management of the restructuring process is vital for achieving organizational objectives, managers need to be aware that downsizing is more than a reduction in head count and work reorganization. Terminations destroy the firms affable fabric as structures are altered, births disrupted and work patterns and communication flows modified, making it more difficult for retained staff to do their work. These structural problems may inhibit performance so that staff need help to prepare new ties, although insufficient attention is usually given to the intricate relationship between the organizations formal and informal structures. In addition, survivors who are already playing area to survivors syndrome find they have to work harder to cover staffing shortfalls, with the consequence that increased workloads kick in the stress related to job insecurity, undermining the very efficiency goals that motivated the merger or acquisition. Job insecurity may make employees feel pressured into agreeing to put extra effort into their jobs to demonstrate organizational loyalty but such working conditions are neither sustainable nor conducive to the achievement of corporate objectives.Financial sector restructuring near the world has led to a high rate of call centre growth. Research by Deloitte Touche has found, for instance, that Australia has 1,400 call centres and help-desks emp loying 50,000 people and annual sales of $2 billion. Staff turnover averages 18 per cent a year mainly due to stress, as confirmed by the fact that 80 per cent of workers are requesting stress management cultivation assistance. The annual cost to the industry from the high turnover has been estimated at around $100 million.MAs generate high levels of staff anxiety and stress as their working world is turned upside down, their jobs come under scourge and their career prospects and professional competence are called into question. Collective defensive mechanisms, curiously in hostile takeovers involving previously keen competitors, may lead to a victor-vanquished syndrome inducing behaviour inimical to the smooth implementation of changes for successful integration. Employees from separately company are aware that there are many duplicated positions to be eliminated and the struggle to survive will be fierce. Trade unions may themselves be at loggerheads as the merger may involve companies recognizing different negotiating partners. not surprisingly, it is much easier for managers to convince shareholders about the merits of proposed mergers than it is to persuade their own staff.

Kobe Bryant Essay -- Sports, NBA, A sexual Assault Case

The defile RecordHe has it all the fame, the fortune, and the fans. Kobe Bryant has anything and ein truththing any living person could want, and as a former NBA champion, he notwithstanding has arguably more strenuosity than most people out there. However, even through his NBA championships and his MVP awards, more people tend to look at Kobe in a very negative way almost look down on the hotshot for one single occurrence. This may seem harsh, but there is hence a logical explanation to this seemingly pessimistic attention Kobe unendingly attracts. In 2003, a inner assault case was filed on Kobe, which would fail to affect his image forever (Bryant, Kobe 4). Therefore, although he is an extremely talented athlete, Kobe Bryant is a negative influence to aspiring basketball players.Although this negative attention occurred during his NBA career, Bryant did, in fact, be in possession of many NBA achievements before this mishap. Firstly, at just 17 eld old (Kobe Bryant 1 ), Kobe managed to become the abet youngest player to enter the professional partnership in NBA history, being the 13th overall pick in the 1996 sketch (Bryant, Kobe 1). In mid-1996, Kobe was traded to his now current team, the NBA Lakers, where he would proceed to gain two his glory and his infamy (Kobe Bryant 1). Additionally, Bryant joined the all-star team in just his second season in the league, therefore becoming the single youngest player to be part of the all-star team of all time (Bryant, Kobe 1) at just 19 years old (Kobe at 30--Oh, how the years go by 2). Surprisingly, these achievements would non be the only ones he would acquire. By 2003, Bryant had already captured 3 NBA titles for himself (Bryant, Kobe 1), winning three titles in a row from 2000 to 2002(K... ...e Bryants success, he is unfortunately a negative role model to aspiring basketball players. However, he has it all. Kobe Bryant always is and always will be an NBA legend. He has had and still does have countless fans, and possesses a level of skill which very few could even match. However, despite all of these feats he has achieved and all of the money he has managed to earn, his sexual assault case in 2003 taints this famous stars record. No matter how its observed, Kobe Bryant was permanently affected, which in turn affected many fans viewpoints of the star. And although he has made a definite comeback, his past actions are not and will never be forgotten. No matter what he does in the future, the assault case will still be there. Therefore, because of this, Kobe Bryants image, no matter how hard he may try, will be damaged, or tainted, forever.