Robert Burns :: essays research papers

People have made entire careers off the belief in and practices of astrology. The nous of the stars determining our fate has withheld peoples interest for centuries. Robert burn down, an Aquarius, was very anti-superstition. He had almost no belief in astrological predictions or zodiac signs. There is more or less humor in this though, because through Burns poems and songs this pseudoscience shows just how accurate it can be. The most par each(prenominal)el example of Burns personality and his Aquarius sign can be seen in the work The Fornicator.Robert Burns was born January 25, 1759, son to a dirt poor farmer and a mother who never learned to write her bear name. He held many jobs before making a name for himself as a poet, to include a farmer and excise officer. Burns was famed for his poesy and songs and has been called Scotlands answer to Shakespeare. He was also renowned for his excessive drinking and womanizing, one such biographer, Ian McIntyre, remarked that Burns was in capable of addressing a woman, on paper or in the flesh, without placing a hand on her thigh. It was also reported that he fathered over a dozen children in and out of marriage. The official reason for Burns death was rheumatic heart disease, but it is often attributed to the bottle. Upon death critics and obituary writers labeled him a drunkard.Aquarius, the zodiac symbol assigned to those born between January 21 and February 19. handed-down Aquarian traits are that they are friendly and humanitarian, original and inventive, independent and intellectual. Some negative aspects of Aquarians are that they can be intractable and contrary, perverse and unpredictable, unemotional and detached. Aquarians generally have got strong and attractive personalities. They can fall into two categories one shy, sensitive, gentle and patient the other exuberant, lively and exhibitionist, sometimes hiding the depth of their character on a lower floor a cloak of frivolity. Among the faults to which Aquarians are liable are fanatical eccentricity, wayward egotism, excessive detachment and an inclination to retreat from life and society.The poem the Fornicator speaks to all the young gentlemen of Burns era and todays male audience. This piece is about Burns referring to himself as a fornicator and impregnating a girl, Elizabeth Paton, out of sweep up lock. There is an air of sarcasm and regret throughout the poem not some much about impregnating the woman but having to deal with the hassles of potentially beingness bogged down with a child.

Profound Secret and Mystery in A Tale of Two Cities Essay -- Tale Two

Profound Secret and Mystery in A history of Two Cities   The twists and turns of Charles daemons classic novel, A Tale of Two Cities, lead the reader from a quiet beginning to a violently shocking climax, after introducing gobs of complex characters and two very different plots that converge with a sickening crash of La Guillotine. Many of the characters in the story appear to be slanting in the beginning, but as the plot continues, it reveals that of all timey human creature is constituted to be that profound secret and mystery to every other, as Dickens stated. His characters change and develop over the course of the book as Dickens contrasts what they appear to be and what they really are, revealing that no 1 can ever be completely understood - maybe not even by himself.           Almost everyone has heard that you shouldnt judge a book by its cover, but one of Dickenss characters in A Tale of Two Cities had obviously never r eceived this advice. When Madame Defarge came after Lucie, little Lucie and Doctor Manette in their temporary home in Paris, she belike expected to get what she wanted easily and quickly. She definitely didnt expect to be met with a great resistance from a single Englishwoman. When Miss Pross stopped Madame Defarge from accounting entry Lucies room, Madame Defarge discovered that this was a courage that she so little comprehended as to mistake for weakness. Pross was a complete enigma to Madame Defarge - and this proved to be Defarges downfall. Even though Madame Defarge had been in dozens of bloody skirmishes in the streets of Paris, her life was ironically ended when she underestimated a single desperate and determined English... ...ave Lucie, and finally his true nature shows itself when he says, It is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done it is a far, far better rest that I go to than I have ever known.       Sydney gave up his life for the happiness of someone he loved, after a lifetime of caring for nobody and living in self-contempt.  Madame Defarge reveals herself as a ruthless killer, after being portrayed as a silent, harmless knitting-woman. And Miss Pross proves herself an unconquerable force after being introduced as a silly, comic character. These three characters show that nobody can truly be completely understood by another, and sometimes the strongest character traits are brought extinct under extreme circumstances, whether it is the best of times, the worst of times, the season of Light, or the season of Darkness.  

Personal Narrative - Knee Injury Essay -- Personal Narrative Essays

Personal Narrative- Knee InjuryI was always an active mortal from being in sports to hanging out with friends. I always had something planned, or came up with something on the fly. My junior year in high school was a very tough time for me. I was involved in a lot of activities, organizations, and clubs. I was very active in one organization where I had to be up at school every morning at 715 for that meeting. Meaning I would not leave school sometimes until 645 to 700 in the evening. On the passs I would have something to do either with friends or family. I would never go a weekend with nothing to do. Either I was out running errands or at the mall buying some new clothes.The problem came in on November 22, 2000 at an away game at North Side High. It was the third quarter ...

Gender Still Plays a Role in the Workplace :: work discrimination

Gender Still Plays a Role in the WorkplaceSince the nineteen twenties women of America endure been considered tally citizens of our country, and had to work hard in order to obtain that equality in the workplace. One may reconsider the success rate of females in America, and if they really have made it as far as popular belief may have it. Of course, Ameri tin women can vote, can hold office, and they can work, which is more than can be said for some countries. But do both sexes really hold equal in the workplace regarding manners of salary and respect? Does the bodied administrator world really take women seriously? These are some of the arguments made by women today that do not feel that they are organism treated equal in the workplace. On the other hand, those who believe women are treated equally usually reason that differences balance out in statistics, things much(prenominal) as majority of teachers are women, and women also have a hold on the entrepreneur side of bu sinesses. The voices that are still screaming come from an reference who feel that women still have a long way to go before achieving a status of total equality.We may just not be being told any information. In Lenny Liebmanns article, Mending the Gender Gap, he reveals that women earn an average of $18,000 slight annually than men. He further reports that the US Census situation states the male/female pay differential ranges between 15-50%, depending on the industry and the job title. Not to mention that within the Fortune 1000, 95% of all executive positions were held by men in 1997. (62-63)Although these examples could prove a case in the embodied world some may take defense by equilibrize with further statistics. It is stated in Clayton Collins article, Why Girls May Still Need an Edge, that women in America may not be at the top of the corporate ladder, but they do hold around forty percent of all privately owned businesses in the United States. (11) So, even though wo men havent quite turn out themselves to the corporate world, they have most certainly conquered a portion in the entrepreneur world and in a big way. That is definitely a demonstrable point for Americas look on gender equality in the workplace.This same viewpoint could throw the fact that male babysitters and male elementary teachers are less common to homes and classrooms than women.

Spensers Amoretti and the Patterns of Domination and Recognition :: Spenser Amoretti Essays

Spensers Amoretti and the Patterns of Domination and Recognition Edward Spensers sonnet sequence, Amoretti1, traces a lovers difficult courtship of his gentlewoman. Though he is eventually successful and they wed, the lover and lady must compromise, each giving up some of their independence and power, before they are able to love each other freely. By using Jessica Benjamins book, The Bonds of Love, one(a) brook see the struggle for dominance and independent identity between the lover and mistress slowly evolving and resolving into a race of mutual citation. Benjamins sit around of dominance and recognition identifies the lover and mistresss progress as moving through various stages of domination and submission to mutual recognition, with both selves dominating and submitting at contrary times before reaching a state of equality. Benjamin bases her model of domination and recognition on the intersubjective theory of psychoanalysis. Intersubjectivity maintains that the individual grows in and through the relationship to other subjects. Most important this perspective observes that the other2 whom the ego meets is also a self, a subject in his or her own right. It assumes that we are able and bring to recognize that other subject as different and yet alike, as an other who is capable of sharing similar mental experiences (20). Edna also needs recognition because that affirms her selfhood. Ottos recognition of her actions lets Edna define herself more clearly through his response to her actions (21). When Otto doesnt recognize Edna, doesnt treat her as an equal, conflict arises. Edna becomes aggressive, trying to force recognition from Otto. He, when faced with aggression, can either choose to be alone, and therefore somehow destroy Edna, or choose to become attuned to her and surrender (28). Surrender doesnt mean submission here it instrument Otto recognizes Edna as an equal. From this surrender, a relations hip can proceed on equal footing, with occasional imbalances in power common to relationships. If Otto chooses to destroy Edna, however, domination occurs. A self that chooses domination over surrender is generally fighting for independence. It is afraid to relinquish any independence or control.

Spensers Amoretti and the Patterns of Domination and Recognition :: Spenser Amoretti Essays

Spensers Amoretti and the Patterns of Domination and Recognition Edward Spensers sonnet sequence, Amoretti1, traces a lovers difficult courtship of his bird. Though he is eventually successful and they wed, the lover and lady must compromise, each giving up some of their independence and power, before they are able to love each other freely. By using Jessica Benjamins book, The Bonds of Love, superstar prat see the struggle for dominance and independent identity between the lover and mistress slowly evolving and resolving into a blood of mutual deferred payment. Benjamins vex of dominance and recognition identifies the lover and mistresss progress as moving through various stages of domination and submission to mutual recognition, with both selves dominating and submitting at contrary times before reaching a state of equality. Benjamin bases her model of domination and recognition on the intersubjective theory of psychoanalysis. Intersubjectivity mai ntains that the individual grows in and through the relationship to other subjects. Most important this perspective observes that the other2 whom the self meets is also a self, a subject in his or her own right. It assumes that we are able and fill to recognize that other subject as different and yet alike, as an other who is capable of sharing similar mental experiences (20). Edna also needs recognition because that affirms her selfhood. Ottos recognition of her actions lets Edna define herself more clearly through his response to her actions (21). When Otto doesnt recognize Edna, doesnt treat her as an equal, conflict arises. Edna becomes aggressive, trying to force recognition from Otto. He, when faced with aggression, can either choose to be alone, and therefore somehow destroy Edna, or choose to become attuned to her and surrender (28). Surrender doesnt mean submission here it authority Otto recognizes Edna as an equal. From this surrender, a relationship can proceed on equal footing, with occasional imbalances in power common to relationships. If Otto chooses to destroy Edna, however, domination occurs. A self that chooses domination over surrender is generally fighting for independence. It is afraid to relinquish any independence or control.

Micro and Macro Management Essay

Macro Management In a simple comment management is the person or persons who control or direct a business or other enterprise. However, management is much larger than just angiotensin-converting enzyme person or humble group of people. Management is also the practice of handling, watch, direction, and control (www. dictionary. com). It is much larger than one person, or even a small group of people management is everywhere. We riding habit management in all aspects of our daily lives, whether it is organizing an event, or handling a purchase order.Management must be arranged through multiple levels in order to be successful, beginning with micro management, eventually its way up the ladder to macro management. Micro and macro components are the core make up of every business, each possessing different qualities and characteristics that form the overall building blocks to success. During the training of a new employee, most businesses use the micro-management process to provide t he guidance and tools the employee needs to become successful with that business.Micro management is used my supervisors to observe and control the progress to of their employees. It involves giving employee smaller tasks, musical composition they monitor and assess the work being done (www. dictionary. com). Micro management is often used in the beginning of any business or instauration basically, you need to start somewhere. In the opening of a new business, guidance will always need to be offered from cooperate offices to ensure a sportsmanlike transition in the opening process.Once a business is established, management will in twine micro manage their employees guiding them through the procedures and responsibilities the keep company requires. Because micro managing involves supervisors overlooking the tasks their employees are undertaking, often times it is thought of as an unenthusiastic tactic. Through the eyes of an associate, micro managing can be de motivating, in tu rn creating doubt and lack of confidence in the workplace. Even though micro managing is used as an introductory tool, it can be drawn out for a longer duration of time.Distrust, skepticism, and uncertainty are typical feelings an employee may experience if their supervisor is abusing the method of micro managing. The role of autobus is an important position of supervision in any organization. The supervisor/manager plays a key function, in the day to day needs of the organization, by finding a balance of work efficiency and managing personnel. This balance becomes even more prevalent when assigning projects or interacting with subordinates.This paper will analyze several aspects or pitfalls, managers could find themselves involved in and will identify methods used to overcome these situations when supervising subordinates. The position of manager holds many responsibilities in an organization those responsibilities range from dealing with requests from upper management and servic e employees needs, and while seeing to theses responsibilities, the manager still has to supervise the overall direction of his or her department. The multiple tasks a manager must operate within, requires the manager to be flexible and

Conflicts in Work Place

bouts rulement in work place OVERVIEW The purpose of this assignment is to critically analyze the impinges in working place and try to understand shaping behavior with respect to impinge effect. I also try to focus whether deviation is necessary or not by use range of theoretical perspectives and ideologies of struggle. INTRODUCTION bouts ar unpleasant, merely it is a kind of force that ruling well-nigh e actually aspect of our life.As time passes in every working relationship it is common to produce meshing (John Newstrom 2007, p. 253). Conflict move arise from dissimilar sources and directions exclusively it can emerge in short duration of time among nation of any level, and it whitethorn require proper management. Conflict can be constructive or destructive depending on power of management. Hence managers should be aw ar of it and must know when and how to stimulate contrast in make better elan to re indoctrinate from it in time. Conflict is defined as .. a han dle that begins when one party perceives that another party has interdictly affected, or is about to negatively affect, something the first party c ars about (Huczynski & Buchanan 2007, p. 661). Every organic law has some sets of rules for its existence and to stay competent in the market and its survival as they desired. For this formation should be stable, ever so integrated, well coordinated, order and unanimity. As we know that geological formation is a place where people work together to action a common goal. scarcely to attain the goal everyone has to struggle, cooperate, obey rules, and always communicate with severally other to complete the disposed task in time. But history shows that many organization fallen because of these interpersonal relationships of the people be not productive, cooperative, and satisfying which directly effects the reputation of the organization and creates a big problem for its growth. Many people weigh that organization is interfered wit h appointments and many other factors such as disintegration, antagonism, frequent changes, and divided loyalties.But it is also seen that people believe dates are necessary to accomplish organization stiffly. Let have a c drop off look on contest in organization and people point of view WHY troth ARISE? In any situation struggle can arise between two or more parties when they think opposite and get themselves in opposition. Conflict can arise due to many factors. For example To achieve the goal in time antithetical people apply different methods and techniques, but some time because of disagreement among the people due to different experience can produce the contest.It is an interpersonal process encroachs also arise due to flip over inter-dependence, policies, ambiguity of roles and rules, personality differences, ineffective communication, the competition over scarce resources, and underlying differences in attitudes, beliefs, and experiences (Huczynski & Buchanan 2007 , p. 661). Conflict can be operational or dysfunctional we can consider it constructive or destructive depending on its management. But principal(prenominal) question is whether conflict is necessary or not for any organization?Levels of Conflict In any working place conflict can be thinkable to occur within an employee, between individuals or groups, and across organizations as they compete. Sources of Conflict organisational change, Different sets of values, Threats to status, Contrasting perceptions, Lack of trust, personality clashes, and personality differences. IS CONFLICT NECESSARY EVIL OR NOT From many decades, there has much contest that irritationing whether conflict within the organization is necessary or not. Dean Tjosvold (2008) argued that conflict was inevitable aspect of all organizations that properly conducted it lead to a better consciousness between individuals, as well as to better ways of working. Since conflict was essential to successful teamwork and or ganizational effectiveness, it should be welcomed and managed purloinly. In contrast, Carten De Dreu (2008) nationd that conflict was always detrimental, and that the research support for the beneficial aspects of workplace conflict was weak.He said that conflict was beneficial in only a very few, specific situations and that heretofore in thes, it had negative consequences which outweighted the positive ones. He felt that organizations had to make efforts to manage conflict, not because it had positive effects but so as to minimize its negative ones (BUCHANAN AND HUCZYNSKI, 2010). THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES OF CONFLICT According to traditional perceptive conflicts are negative and indicates something is wrong. It must be avoided or rid of.The contemporary perspective describes conflict as inevitable. It describes that if conflicts are very high or showtime they have negative consequences which affect the performance of the organization. CONTRASTING VIEWS OF CONFLICT It is found t hat there are three views of conflict positive, negative and balanced. Positive view This view consider conflict are positive in organizations, but if it is managed and Considered can be positive and they believe that if the conflict managed and resolution effectively many time we can see constructive way outs.This athletic supporters them to think how they can adopt different process to do things and conflict resolution process is many time seen a stimulus for positive change in the organization. This view tells resolving conflict also patron to adapt to changes and it is seen more acceptable (Coiser & Dalton, 1990). Conflict help in decision making process because it is nature and people have different opinions, theorys, attitudes and values for any given situation which can be beneficial in making and choosing better idea and decision. ositive view of conflict help us to encourage to work in difference and it tell positive outcomes of conflicts are very beneficial to the org anization, it may increase quality of work and personal satisfaction and also increases commitment and motif to complete the task in time. Negative view This view considers conflict as negative, it tells that conflict is dangerous and have serious negative effects and may diverts organization goals to achieve and also effect on out psychological wellbeing. This view express that conflict also affect ideas, created tension, increases stress and anxiety.And conflict may be detrimental to individual and group development over period of time. (Baron, R. A. and Richardson, S. R. , humans Aggression, 2nd edition (Plenum Press, New York, 1991). ) Balanced view This view of conflict some time preferable from a managerial perspective. In this approach sometime conflict are destructive and some time they are super desirable and constructive. But managing conflict is essential for attaining the goal for any manager. TRANSITIONS IN CONFLICT THOUGHT Organization conflict has different defini tions and perspectives from many years.One notion of school argued that, conflict must be avoided in order to run the organization effectively, without any malfunctioning within it. This thought called traditional view. Another thought of school argued that conflicts in any organization are natural and inevitable. According to this view conflict is not a evil, but it tells that management should have the ability for improving organizational effectiveness and efficiency. We called this thought behavioral view. Third thought is interactionist approach and it is most recent perspective. This thought of school argues that conflicts are positive and important for any organization.It tells that conflicts are absolutely necessary for improving organization effectiveness and efficiency. (Adapted from Stephen R. Robbins, Managing Organization Conflict A Nontraditional Approach (Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Prentice-Hall, 1974). ) THE TRADITIONAL VIEW In this view, it is assumed that conflict is natural and very bad, it should be avoided and eliminate immediately. There lead be always negative impact on organizational performance. And it is believed that organization cannot perform effectively, if the conflicts are not eliminated in time.According to this approach conflicts are harmful and must be avoided. Conflicts can cause violence, destruction, and some time irrationality problems. It is manager responsibility to identify the conflicts if any and try to eliminate it to get rid of problems. This traditional perspective prevailed the management and organizational lit during the late ordinal century and continued to be mid 1940s. The manneral View In this behavioral view traditional approach was followed and it is argued that occurrence of conflicts are natural in organizations.But behavioralists argued that conflicts are inevitable they advocated accepting the conflict. The behavioral view explains that conflict cannot be eliminated and they believe that conflict may benefit organization performance. They believe conflicts are inevitable and must resolve in time. The view prevailed management and organization from the late 1940s through the mid-1970s. The Interactionist View It is the current theoretical perspective on conflict, this approach encourages conflict and they believe that conflict is positive for any organization.In interactionists approach believe that conflict can help to make late ideas, alter intra group cohesiveness, because of different opinion and different experience it help in making better decision in time, and many benefits to the organization. Interactionists perspective encourage functional opposition and necessity of conflict for the effectiveness of the organization. In this view it not only focuses of conflict stimulation but also choose appropriate conflict resolution process by the management. And explains conflict management are the major responsibility for the managers.It is seen that many evidence suggests con flict is necessary and important in organization because it improves the quality of decision making. (Coiser & Schwenk, 1990). Thus I think the major problem is not conflict itself, but the problem is how to manage the conflict in the organization. So we can expect conflict may be result functional or dysfunctional and any one of them have serious effect to achieve the goal in time of any organization. This functional conflict is helpful to nurture the individuals in the working place to improve the creative thinking, adaption and innovation of the organization. (Thomas, K. W. Conflict and conflict management, in Handbook of Industrial and organizational Psychology, ed. M. D. Dunnette (Rand McNally, Chicago, 1976). ) Because of complacency some organizations are failure, but can be traced back to too much harmony. (Robbins, S. P. , Essentials of Organizational Behavior (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1992). ) But in reality most organization try to eliminate any type of confl ict because they think elimination of conflict solve the problem and perform organization effectively. But now we can see and argue that functional conflict should be encouraged and dysfunctional conflict should be discouraged.It has spent more than three decades by many researchers, scholar and behavioural scientist to analyze the affects of dysfunctional intergroup conflict in the people who experiences it(Sherif and Sherif, Groups in Harmony and stress (Harper and Row, New York, 1953). ) -Within groups it increases the group cohesiveness, able to emphasis on loyalty, rise in desired autocratic leadership and focus on activity -Between groups there will be distorted in perceptions, communication is not effective and some time negative stereotyping.View of Conflict can be better still by different frame of elongations. Frame of reference It is describe as, a persons perceptions and interpretations of events, and involve assumptions about reality, attitudes towards what is possib le, and conventions regarding correct behavior (Huczynski & Buchanan 2007, p. 661). Contrasting frames of reference It is seen that literature distinguishes four different frames of reference for conflict, based on differentiation made by Alan Fox. They are unitarist, pluralist, interactionist and radical (Fox, 1966, 1973).All these frames are different from each other but important thing is that none of these are right or wrong. Unitarist In unitarist frame conflict is seen badly and they think that organizations should be basically harmonious. Pluralist In pluralist frame sees that groups in organization have their own touchs and organization is collection of groups. Interactionist This interactionist frame sees conflict as a positive, necessary force for effective performance of any organization Radical In radical frame sees conflict as an inevitable outcome of capitalism in any organization.To better understand conflict one should view it as dynamic rather than a static concep t and the sequence of conflict stages can be seen as latent, perceived, felt, manifest and after math. (Pondy, L. R. , Organizational conflict concept and models, Administrative Science Quarterly, 12 (1967). ) Conflict is inevitable in organizational life and its results can be constructive rather than destructive depending up on how it is managed. If negative effects controlled and can be minimized then positive outcomes may result.Effective conflict management is based in part, on a solid sense of the different ways that conflict emerges and can be resolved. (Anderson, H. and Kyprianou. 1994. Effective Organizational Behaviour. edn. Oxford Blackwell ) effects OF CONFLICT IN ORGANIZATION Conflict in organization has some advantages and few disadvantages if it is not managed. In organization many participants think conflict should be avoided and they often see conflicts are always destructive and it should be eliminated.But in reality it is a limited view, because it is seen that all type of conflict are not destructive, some may result productive and some may nonproductive outcomes. But some participant views on conflicts is positive, they think conflict should be manage effectively and need to search the different ways to results the constructive outcome. Advantage Conflict produces many benefits first one, because of it people emotionally aroused with near potential to search and to find better approaches by comparing different approaches which may be useful for get better and desired results.It helps them to boost their creativity and improves their ability for developing new ideas. Thus helps them to experiment different way to achieve the goal. And second benefit is problem can be confronted and solved, so that conflict can be brought to the surface. Disadvantages Conflict also produces disadvantages if it is not manages properly in time, and many leads to bad results. It also raises many problems like, people may focus on personal issues, they may no t cooperate properly which increases stress and people may feel fear of defeating this directly reduces their confidence and motivation level.So it is very important to manage conflict in time. Manager should be aware of conflict and its outcomes and he should apply appropriate conflict resolution strategies, when they found conflict affecting to achieve the goal. Let us see some positive and negative outcome of conflict in working place According to a survey, many practicing managers spend approximately 20 percent of their time to deal with conflict situation in working environment. Schmidt records some positive and negative outcomes of conflict. (NEWSTROM, W. 2007. Organizational Behaviour Human Behavior at Work. 2Th edn. Singapore McGraw-Hill/Irwin) Positive outcome include ?Good generation of new ideas ?People try for different and new approaches ?Long-standing problems in any matter can be resolve ?Opportunities for individual views clarification ?It improves creativity and int erest of participates ?It gives opportunities for individuals to test their abilities and capacities. Negative outcomes include ?People feel fear of defeating and demeaned manner ?Ineffective communication increases the distance between people ? Mistrust and suspicion among the people People concentrate on own interest rather than organization goal ? Reduction in cooperation which effect the teamwork ?And employee turnover increases. CONFLICT OUTCOMES Conflict in organization may produce four possible outcomes depending on approaches chosen by participates involved. They are as follows 1. lose-lose 2. Lose-win 3. Win-lose 4. Win-win Participants intentions and chosen strategies are the result of conflict outcomes. There are many different conflict resolution strategies developed in the history, but this different strategies designed for participate ntention. CONFLICT RESOLUTION STRATEGIES There are five possible conflict resolution strategies available, participant can select any st rategy as he need and apply them to reduce/remove the conflict. By using appropriate strategy it is possible to achieve predictable outcome. These strategies are different from each other, they are basically representing different concerns for ones own desired outcome and for anothers result. These five strategies are as followsAvoiding- In this conflict is avoided physically and mentally, this approach expects less positive outcome and hence reflects a low concern for either partys outcomes. Thus it results in lose lose situation. Smoothing- In this strategy depending on the other partys interests problems are accommodate. This strategy approach focuses on ones own detriment by emphasizing on concerns for others which resulting in a lose-win outcome. Forcing- This strategy is depends on using power tactics to achieve the desired goal to win.It depends on authority and aggressiveness in order to attain personal goals at the expense of the concern for the other party. This type of s trategy result in a win-lose situation. Compromising- This strategy help to compromise own desires and thought by giving up something to wee something else willingly. It results with no clear-cut outcome. Confronting- This is one kind of strategy which helps to focus conflict directly and solve it by mutual understanding to work it through to a satisfactory resolution. This strategy helps to maximize the chances of achieving both party goals which resulting in a win-win outcome.This strategies are effective can be chosen to win or lose by the participants. It helps to control the conflict and save the time to achieve the goal by reducing adverse harmful effects of conflicts. Avoiding and smoothing approaches are help to manage the conflict and the use of forcing approach may achieve short term goal but fail to achieve stated goal. Compromising approach help to solve conflict but always desired goals cannot be achieved. Confronting approach is the effective strategy which solve conf lict problem by facing directly by mutual understanding, hence chance of win-win outcome is more when compare to any other strategy.CONCLUSION Organization are dynamic entities, which is continously changing its intrinsic and external environments, to develop congruousness among the people, process and structure. As discussed contemporary perspectives on conflict, tell that conflict cannot be put on end to a state in organizational life. Conflict is dynamic activity that help us to emphasize on process, meaning, and variety of procedures and relationships. I think understanding conflict help us to better understanding about organization if it is in.If there is a Conflict in any organization it help scholars and reasearchers to give insight understanding more about culture, power, change, development and other significant phenomenon in organization. Conflict may help to see the things in a new way, it help to provoke different analysis, clarification in goals, increases energies, g ive chance for alternatives and changes, and complex problem can be solved. If conflict manage effectively it protect the organisation. Conflict enlighten the concept of rationality, which help better understanding and analyzing of organizational behavior.Organizational conflict are not evil, and in fact there is no need to eliminate it, but it should be manage properly for enhancing individuals, groups, and organizational effectiveness. It is a phenomenon, just it can be constructive or destructive effects on organization, but it completely depends on how it is managed by the management. Conflicts can be dysfunctional when people are not able to tolerate it, and the reason may be rigidity of the organization structure which gives fewer opportunities to changes. This may be because of ignorance of the participants who not give importance and ready to change any time when required.So we can scan that organization conflict may be because of ignorance, intolerance, vested interests, intolerant and rigidity. As discussed earlier conflict is not necessarily a bad thing, it is can be seen as a constructive force and in certain circumstances and it can be welcomed or even encouraged. It helps improving organization design and functioning and to the decision-making process which help to adapt internal and external changes. If conflict identified and managed properly, it can help reduce the destructive influences in the organization. Organization ducation in subjects like Human Relation, Human Resource Management or Development, and Industrial Relations tell that conflict can be managed and its management is very important. And literature tells that how acknowledgement of conflict and its significant in the organization. So we can say that all type of conflicts are not bad, and it is always not necessary to remove, left, or ignore the conflict in the organizational life but it should be manage properly so that it help for survival of the organization without any effe ct on organization goals.Now I can say that conflict leads to change, change leads to adaptation, and adaptation leads to survival. REFERENCES 1. ANDERSON & KYPRIANOU. 1994. Effective Organizational Behaviour. edn. Oxford Blackwell 2. BUCHANAN & HUCZYNSKI. 2010. Organizational Behaviour. 7th edn. England Pearson Education Ltd 3. BUTLER & ROSE. 2011. Introduction to Organisational Behaviour. edn. capital of the United Kingdom CIPD House 4. CLEGG & HARDY. 1999. Studying Organization Theory & method. 1st edn. London SAGE 5. FINCHAM & RHODES, 2005. Principles of Organizational Behaviour. 4th edn.Oxford Oxford University Press Inc. , New York 6. KATZ & KAHN. 1966. The Social Psychology of Organizations. edn. the States John Wiley & Sons 7. MULLINS, J. 2010. Management & Organisational Behaviour. 9th edn. England Pearson Education Ltd 8. NEWSTROM & DAVIS. 2002. Organizational Behaviour Human Behavior At Work . 11th edn. New York McGraw-Hill/Irwin 9. NEWSTROM, W. 2007. Organizational Behav iour Human Behavior at Work. 12Th edn. Singapore McGraw-Hill/Irwin 10. ROBBINS, P. 1983. Organization Theory The Structure and Design of Organisations. edn. Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall

Developments in Migration Theory, Feminisation, Diaspora & Transnationalism, and Asylum as a Migration Flow

AbstractThis research presents how the push-pull stick of migration has been deflated by developings in migration theory.It discusses the c at a timept of feminisation as a major hack in contemporary migration, ca apply by the dynamics of corporate globularization.Diaspora and inter caseism argon described as cardinal jump partners, explaining this metaphor within the prism of migration. instauration is the chosen migration flow for this research, alongside considerations of how the analysis of global migration and its regulation be tallys complicated.This research adopts the qualitative research design, which harmonises with the interpretive paradigm. An in-depth semi-structured inter overtake is plowed with a Sierra Leonean migrant who sought readyation in the UK.The research concludes the presence of feminisation, the partnership of Diaspora and internationalism, and the irrelevance of the push-pull model in the example of an establishment seeker as an interview pa rticipant.1.Introduction fit in to de Haas (2008), ones decision to migrate is influenced by a number of factors, including the area of destination intervening variables (distance, immigration policies, etc.) and personal factors. Migration occurs within definite streams, from true places of origin and destination (de Haas, 2008).Globalisation has prepared a channel for individuals to become increasingly mobile. Coupled with globalisation, the existence of skilled workers has executeed to marginalize the less skilled, who encounter limitations on their permanent migration, thereby making it difficult for them to move from temporary to permanent work and obtain residence permits (Kofman, 2005). Emphasis on stratification within prod migration research can potentially tackle queries on the consequences that emerge from the manner of inclusion or exclusion of different groups from labour markets (Gabriel and Pellerin, 2008). The growing sociable differentiation of migration is seen amongst skilled Mexicans, considered as the new high tech braceros (Smith and Favell, 2006 24) that utilise a variety of visa channels to work in the US economy. Smith and Favell (2006) bring for struggled the evidence that the migration movement is more(prenominal) than about brain drain, as brain circulation, which underpins new forms of global competition, is macrocosm encouraged.1.1 Aims and objectivesThis brief aims to discuss how the limitations of the individualistic push-pull model are overcome by developments in migration theory. It excessively explains the fences for the feminisation trend identified by Castles and Miller (2009). along with these two topics are the attempt to describe what Faist (2010b) means by the metaphor two feckless dance partners to describe Diaspora and transnationalism, and whether he is right. Moreover, this research explains how foundation complicates the analysis of global migration and their regulation.The objectives are the followi ngTo review the extant literature on the developments in migration theory, feminisation in migration, Diaspora and transnationalism, and psychiatric hospital in the midst of global migration To conduct an interview on the subject of chancel and link it to migration concept 2. Literature Review2. 1 The push-pull model of migrationThe push-pull model allows the assumption that migration decisions are motivated by economic, environmental, and demographic reasons. The pushes and pulls in migration are created by either rural population growth or economic conditions. The first applies a Malthusian principle that such migration is referable to pressures on natural and agricultural re ancestrys. The second, on the opposite hand, pushes slew to be lured into cities and industrialised countries (de Haas, 2008).At first, the push-pull model seems to integrate all the factors that contri furthere to migration decision-making because of its seeming tilt to incorporate other theoretical i deas. How eer, dubious insights nonplus come to forward the insight of whether the push-pull model offers much analytical use, and whether it can qualify as a theory at all. A more problematic view is its tendency to puzzle various (individual and global) scales of analysis and not to allow designating relative weights to the various factors impacting migration decisions. The model also tends to overlook the internecine stratification and heterogeneous character of societies and is instead likely to work out on the individual level. There are then certain limitations posed by the push-pull model in the analysis of migration (de Haas, 2008).The triviality and limitation of the model is mirrored in the relativity of migration pressure. Finding a intermit environment or less population pressure are not the typical reasons why people move, but due to their expectation of a more satisfying living elsewhere (de Haas, 2008).The transnational approach to migration is one of those that a ttempt to overcome the limitations embodied in the push-pull model. The transnational community creates social bonds that allow migrants to tend to remit considerable amounts of silver to their relatives, contrary to the push-pull model. The often transnational identity characters of migrants provide a huge explanation for the usual maintenance of bonds with communities of origin, as whole roughly as the creation of trans-local and transnational social links (de Haas, 2008).In support of de Haas, Amelina and Faist (2012) describe the transnational approach as one that discards the nation-state as the only source of empirical analysis which is also posited by Faist (2000) and Portes (2000). Methodological transnationalism, which is constructed by Amelina and Faist, covers a range of research methods that complement current epistemological approaches to the link between berth and social mobility. Linked to this are migrants investments and entrepreneurship (as a way in which they pursue a wide range of transnational economic activities), which is an eventful concern of indemnity makers (Olesen, 2003). As migration can be understood through interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary viewpoints, developments in migration theory such as those by Castles and Miller (2009) richly describe this view, which only suggests an attempt to overcome the limitations of the push-pull model2.2 Feminisation as a major trend in contemporary migrationFeminisation as a major trend in contemporary migration is seen in the example of Indonesia and Sri Lanka, which obtained the labour market for domestic workers, thereby spurring the feminisation of migration in the Gulf region. Female migrants are found in such palm as medical/health, sales, hospitality, and maintenance. The largest number of women migrants is in domestic work (Asis, 2005 Mateos, 2005).According to Asis (2005), Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and the Philippines deploy female workers annually at 62-75 per cent and deplo yment is associated with feminisation of migration. There are circumstances that feminisation of migration would broaden to complicate other countries, as illustrated by the example of Thai women migrants who may face underrepresentation in legal migration, but are predominant in terms of irregular migration (Asis, 2005). It may be seen based on Asis (2005) discussion that the wider significance of feminisation as a major trend in contemporary migration is driven by labour migration.Piper (2013), on the other hand, surmised that the relevance of gender is found in most aspects of migration. Feminisation has been acknowledged as one of the major issues of current migration streams, as noted by academic studies since the 80s. Piper cited the reason for this improvement in statistical visibility, increased women participation in most migration flows, increased failure of men to seek full-time jobs in their countries of origin, and an increasing demand for female practice in destinat ion countries. In support to this, Engle (2004) claims that foreign women are tremendously regarded as commodities and carriers of service. If in the past, the movement of women was often due to family reunification or open on a male migrant today, such movement features them as main migrants in their own right, generally as low-wage earners, where the dynamics of corporate globalisation are the ones directing female employment.The wider significance of this feminisation trend for understanding migration is that it plays an important role in the institutionalisation of corporate globalisation in the process of migration, which offers only understanding of migration.2.3 Diaspora and transnationalism as two awkward dance partnersDiaspora and transnationalism are described by Faist (2010b) as two awkward dance partners that function as with child(p) research lenses for seeing the upshot of international migration. Albeit both globalisation and multiculturalism describe cross-border processes, the concept of Diaspora has often denoted national or religious groupings of people that live distant an imagined inwrought land. Transnationalism, on the other hand, is used narrowly (to describe the strong ties amongst migrants) and widely (to depict communities and social formations) (Faist, 2010b).Why Diaspora and transnationalism are two awkward dance partners is because of the discussion belowTransnational social spaces, which are depicted in transnationalism, describe migrants daily practices as they engage in a range of activities, such as reciprocity and unity, political participation in both countries of emigration and immigration, and migrants small-scale entrepreneurship, to name some. Transnationalism is not broadly used compared to Diaspora and is not as politicised, but it is entangled with political connotations. Despite the indicated presence of ideology in the ism in transnationalism, the adherents of this ideology is not apparent. Moreover, discussi ons on immigrants integration have been sparked by transnationalism ever since transnationalism was introduced to migration studies (Faist, 2010a).It has been made clear that both Diaspora and transnationalism cannot be taken apart in either way since doing so would mean neglecting the panoply of constantly overlapping definitions. Diaspora faced an infinite increase in applications and interpretations and these characteristics sum up most of its definitions. The first pertains to the causes of migration. Forced dispersal has been affixed to the older fancys, which can be traced from the experience of Jews. Newer notions, on the other hand, relate to any form of dispersal, such as trade dispersal. The second refers to homelands cross-border experiences with destination, as implied in older notions that indicate a return to an imagined homeland. Newer notion, on the other hand, replace revisit with dense and continuous connections across borders, which include countries of onwar d migration, thereby highlighting lateral ties. Thus, Diaspora can be referred to include ethnic and religious groups/communities. Lastly, the third characteristic suggests the integration of migrants and/or minorities into the countries of settlement (Faist, 2010b 13). It may be inferred that based on these discussions, Faist is right in describing Diaspora and transnationalism as awkward dance partners.2.4 The Increasingly Differentiated Migration Flows Focused on AsylumThis section discusses the increasingly differentiated migration flows, focused on asylum migration. According to Lasailly-Jacob (2010), policies on asylum have been the main focus of academic research and public debates. The point of view of the host countries has been given much attention, with particular emphasis on the foresights of the receiving ones who manage the effect of population movements in their country. Doomernik and Jandl (2008) observe that a tough policy on asylum migration has been undertaken to balance global recruitment strategies. Whether a strong asylum policy only intends to mask an increasing volume of immigration is open to interpretation. Published reports indicate refused asylum applications alongside approximately 60,000 deportation targets.The European Union (EU) compromises certain democratic norms in dealing with neighbouring counties like Libya or Ukraine to adopt migration activities. Questions that arise include proper access to asylum, protection from persecution, and detention conditions. Physical safety has been used as a prism for greater cooperation to regulate the flow of asylum seekers across countries. Common legally binding policy in relation to asylum and policing has been undertaken (Charmie and Powers, 2008). Both asylum and immigration policies face the issues of visas, family unification, social integration, equal treatment and inclusivity, and admission criteria, to name a few (Peers and Rogers, 2006).3. explore Methodology3.1 Research Des ign QualitativeThe precise research design for this study is qualitative, which is defined as multi-method in focus, involving an interpretive, naturalistic approach to its subject matter (Denzin and Lincoln, 2011 5). This indicates that qualitative research undertakes investigations in natural settings, whereby people attempt to interpret phenomena based on the meanings brought to them. Some of the empirical materials used in qualitative studies are interviews, case studies, visual texts, and focus groups, to name a few. The justification for using the qualitative design for this research is its direction to present the research questions involving migration, which cannot be adequately discussed if a quantitative or a confused method design is applied.3.2 Research Paradigm InterpretiveSince this research pursues the qualitative design, it hence correspondingly employs an interpretive paradigm. This paradigm states that people continuously produce social constructions from the do main around them. The ultimate purpose of interpretive paradigm is to understand the experiences of people as the study takes place in natural settings (Chilisa and Preece, 2005). On the point of view of interpretivism, knowledge is subjective because of its nature to create social constructions. This is differentiated from the positivist paradigm, which is based on measurement and quantification (Cohen, Manion, and Morrison, 2011).3.3 Data CollectionBoth primary and secondary data allurement methods are applied to this research to address the research questions. Primary data are those collected afresh for the specific use of the researcher and are then original (Mooi and Sarstedt, 2011). Examples of these are survey data, interview data, observation data, field notes, etc. Secondary data, on the other hand, are those already collected by someone else for their own purpose, which is being used again by another (Kothari, 2004). Examples of these are data from books, journal articl es, corporate reports, online data, and the like. This current research employs interview data as well as data from books and academic journals. The interview thus conducted is in-depth and semi-structured, involving an asylum seeker from Sierra Leone.4. Presentation and Analysis of ResultsAccording to the interview participant, the civil war in her homeland caused her to come to the UK in 2002. Her purpose of migration was to obtain safety from the war and to have a better chance of good education. This is coherent with the notion of forced dispersal embodying the concept of Diaspora (Faist, 2010a Faist, 2010b). There was a strong belief from the participant that Britain is more accommodating towards asylum seekers than other countries, as she was reminded that Sierra Leone was once a colony of Britain. The presence of a strong Sierra Leone community in Britain, to which she is able to identify and rely strongly, also served as a reason for her search for asylum in the country. Ph ysical safety is the reason for her search for asylum, which the literature also claims as the prism that precipitates greater cooperation to regulate the flow of asylum seekers (e.g. Charmie and Powers, 2008). Apparently, the push-pull model does not harmonise with the participants situation because of the models focus on the individual level and its propensity to overlook the internal stratification and heterogeneous character of societies (e.g. de Haas, 2008).The participant states that despite her strong Sierra Leone culture, there were changes in her priorities along the way. She claims that she goes home every year, communicates with her family via phone or Skype, and sends money to her people. This is congruent with de Haas (2008) description of the transnational community. The participant now sees the UK as her home because this is where she lives, works, and pays her taxes. The strong cultural ties and community spirit with her people is seen in the fact that if any Sierra Leonean is in difficulty, she participates (along with the others) in contributing money, buying food, or helping the person to take care of their children if they cannot. It may be suggested that within this community is a form of peoples cooperative union, showing Diaspora that includes ethnic and religious groups/communities as described by Faist (2010b), as well as an imagined homeland (Faist, 2010a). This also demonstrates how migration systems link people in transnational communities, consequently resulting in a geographical clustering of migration streams (de Haas, 2008), as how the Sierra Leone community (where the participant belongs) is formed.Having lived in the UK for quite a long time, the participant appreciates the idea of the multicultural community, coupled with friends of different nationalities who are generally more accepting. Faist (2010b) calls such integration into the country of settlement Diaspora. According to the participant, some countries do not apply equal opportunities, fairness, and mankind rights as they do in the UK. Amongst those she appreciates the most in the UK are free education, respect for human rights, safety and security, a feeling of independence, and economic and political stability. She says that this is unlike the civil war, corruption, and lack of economic growth in Sierra Leone. However, she stresses the importance of having family members around, since being unsocial can be isolating. Despite having lived in the UK for a long time, she claims that the Sierra Leonean culture has influenced her character more than the British culture. The notion of transnationalism is seen in this context, specifically transnational social spaces, such as reciprocity and unity in both countries of emigration and immigration (Faist, 2010a).Her country of origin benefits from her living in the UK by working(a) with the Red Cross as a way to give back to the country that rescued her from persecution in her homeland. The war i n Sierra Leone created an avenue for her to come to the UK and pursue her goals, including education, which is valued in her family as a means to sustain financial and social statuses. Amelina and Faist (2012) describe this in their methodological transnationalism as a development that takes place between space and social mobility.It must be noted that the concept of feminisation (e.g. Piper, 2013 Engle, 2004 Asis, 2005) may also be applied to this example, as the asylum seeker is a woman who was eventually able to integrate to the UK society as a student and a worker. It has been forwarded that the relevance of gender can be seen in most aspects of migration (including asylum) (Piper, 2013), to which the participants situation is applicable.3. Evaluation and Conclusion 3.1 EvaluationThe participant in the study demonstrates the irrelevance of the push-pull model of migration to the stream of migration. Rather, the transnational approach reveals a more applicable position to the sit uation, as shown by the social bonds thus created amongst Sierra Leoneans and with other UK residents, and the tendency of the participant to remit some money to her family and friends way back in her country (e.g. de Haas, 2008 Amelina and Faist, 2012). Albeit faminisation is not the major issue in the interview, it can be surmised that its essence is nonetheless existent since the asylum seeker eventually became a worker in the UK, and her deployment may be associated with feminisation of migration (Asis, 2005).Diaspora is evident in the groups of Sierra Leonean people who live outside an imagined native land (e.g. Faist, 2010b). Transnationalism, on the other hand, is seen in the description of the migrants strong ties and social formations (e.g. Faist, 2010a Faist, 2010b). Thus, the partnership between Diaspora and transnationalism is relevant to the migrant as an asylum seeker.Moreover, regulation processes create and mould migration flows, which are involved in labour market segmentation insofar as polices are supported by gendered and classed postulations. Legal channels are concluded to have opened up due to the upsurge of irregular migration, including asylum. 3.2 ConclusionThis research deals with the developments in migration theory and how these developments addressed the limitations of the push-pull model. It explains feminisation as a major trend in contemporary migration, as well as the metaphor that Diaspora and transnationalism are two awkward dance partners. Further, it focuses on asylum and how it complicates the analysis of global migration and their regulation.Developments in migration theory have caused an attempt for the surmounting of the limitations of the push-pull model, an individual choice and equilibrium model. The relativity of migration pressure shows the triviality of the model. The transnational approach deals with this triviality and limitations, whereby it rejects the nation-state as the doctor basis of empirical analysis .Feminisation, on the other hand, is seen as a major trend in contemporary migration, as evidenced by the proliferation of women workers in the fields of medical/health, sales, hospitality, and maintenance. Labour migration drives the occurrence of feminisation as a major trend in contemporary migration. Gendered norms also mediate the way migrants perform their roles in the migration process. There are prevailing stereotyped assumptions amongst labour recruiters set at the heart of the feminisation of migration, offering both demand and opportunities for female workers.Through migration systems, people, families and communities are linked in transnational communities, and it consequently leads to an orderly geographical arrangement and clustering of migration streams, just as the participant in the study seems to depict. The concept of Diaspora denotes national or religious groupings of people that live outside an imagined native land. Transnationalism is used to explain the strong ties that prevail amongst migrants as well as to describe communities and social formations.A balance between tough policy on asylum migration and global recruitment processes has been established in migration process. Physical safety has been the precipitating prism for regulating the stream of asylum seekers across countries, which is the same reason for asylum seeking by the participant in the study.BibliographyAmelina, A. and Faist, T. (2012) De-naturalizing the National in Research Methodologies keystone Concepts of Transnational Studies in Migration. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 35 (10) 1707-1724.Asis, M. M. B. (2005) Recent Trends in worldwide Migration in Asia and the Pacific. Asia Pacific Population Journal, 20 (3) 15-38.Castle, S & Miller, R. (2009) The Age of Migration International Population Movements in the Modern World. Fourth Edition. New York Macmillan.Charmie, J. and Powers, M. G. (2008) International Migration and Development Continuing the Dialogue Legal and Policy Perspectives. geneva International Organization for Migration.Chilisa, B. and Preece, J. (2005) Research Methods for Adult Educators in Africa. NY Pearson Education.Cohen, L., Manion, L., and Morrison, K. (2011) Research Methods in Education. Seventh Edition. Oxon Routledge.de Haas, H. (2008) Migration and Development A Theoretical Perspective. Paper 9. Working Papers. Oxford International Migration Institute, James 21st Century School, University of Oxford.Denzin, N. K. and Lincoln, Y. S. (2011) The shrewd Handbook of Qualitative Research. London SAGE Publications, Inc.Doomernik, J. and Jandl, M. (2008) Modes of Migration Regulation and Control in Europe. Amsterdam Amsterdam University Press.Engle, L. B. (2004) The World in Motion Short Essays on Migration and Gender. Geneva International Organization for Migration.Faist, T. (2000a) The Volume and Dynamics of International Migration and Transnational Social Spaces. Oxford Oxford University Press.Faist, T. (2010b) Diaspora a nd transnationalism What kind of dance partnersR. Baubock & T. Faist (Eds.) Diaspora and Transnationalism Concepts, Theories and Methods (pp. 9-34). Amsterdam Amsterdam University Press.Gabriel, C. and Pellerin, H. (2008) Governing International Labour Migration original Issues, Challenges and Dilemmas. Oxon Routledge.Kofman, E. (2005) Citizenship, Migration, and the Reassertion of National Identity. Citizenship Studies, 9 (5) 453-467.Kothari, C. R. (2004) Research Methodology Methods and Techniques. Second Edition. Delhi New Age International.Lasailly-Jacob, V. (2010) Forced migration in Africa A new but overlooked kinfolk of refugees. In C. Audebert and M. K. Morai (Eds.) Migration in a Globalised World New Research Issues and Prospects. Amsterdam Amsterdam University Press.Mateos, N. R. (2005) The Mediterranean in the Age of Globalization Migration, Welfare, and Borders. NJ Transaction Publishers.Mooi, E. and Sarstedt, M. (2011) A Concise Guide to Market Research The Process, D ata, and Methods Using IBM SPSS Statistics. Berlin Springer-Verlag.Olesen, H. (2003) Migration, Return, and Development An Institutional Perspective. In N. V. Hear and N. N. Sorensen (Eds.) Geneva The Migration Development Nexus.Peers, S. and Rogers, N. (2006) EU Immigration and Asylum Law Text and Commentary. The Netherlands Konikliije Brill NV, Leiden.Piper, N. (2013) New Perspectives on Gender and Migration Livelihood, Rights and Entitlements. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. Oxon Routledge.Portes, A. (2000) Globalization from below The rise of transnational communities. In D. Kalb et al. (Eds.). The End of Globalization Bringing Society Back in. Lanham, MD Rowman & Littlefield, p. 253-270.Smith, M. P. and Favell, A. (2006) The Human Face of Mobile Mobility International Highly Skilled Migration in Europe, North the States and the Asia-Pacific. New Jersey Transaction Publishers.

Medical Advances in China Essay

The main reason why benignants contract any form of un healthiness is because these two aspects lose harmony. Looked at from the convalescence function of organs, Yang functions to protect from harm from outside forces while Yin protects from the inside and provides energy for its counterpart. A nonher principle that the Chinese practice of health check specialty culture follows is that of basic substance. Doctors of handed-down Chinese medicine believe that vital energy, energetic particles, state of blood, and remains fluid atomic number 18 the essential substances that composed together to form the human body, and the basis for inside organs to process. 1These substances are channeled a enormous a network within the body. On the physical aspect of this principle, the vital energy serves to promote and warm which belongs to the properties of Yang. The blood and body fluid to moisten organs possess the properties of Yin. umteen of these principles are connected to heal a n somebody. Although these principles and theories seem almost deranged to the Western population of the valet, many doctors quiesce use these techniques today in modern time.Many conventional Chinese medicine doctors can cure countless patients without any aid from apparatuses or medical examination exam instruments but only a physical exam. They follow four methods of diagnosis, these four methods consist of observation, auscultation and olfaction, interrogative mood, pulse taking and palpation. The method of observation indicates to the doctor to directly realise the outward appearance to know a patients condition. The exterior and interior correspond immediately, for example, when the inner organs run wrongly, it will be shown through with(predicate) the skin, tongue and facial sensory organs.The method of auscultation and olfaction is a way for doctors to collect data through hearing the sounds of the body and smelling the odors of the body. The method of interrogation suggests that doctors question the patient and his or her relatives to know the symptoms and evolution of the illness or ailment and previous treatments. The taking of the pulse and or palpation allows for the doctor to melody the pulse condition of patients on the radial artery. Doctors believe that when the organic function is normal, the pulse, frequency, and intention of pulse will be relatively stable, and when not, variant. 1 When treating a disease traditional Chinese medicine doctors combine all the collected facts from the four methods of diagnosis to analyze the source and merit of the disease. The doctors then make sure what prescription should be given. In traditional Chinese medicine science, the drugs prescribed are diametrical from the West, because doctors live with discovered the medicinal cause of thousands of herbs over a long period of time.Before taking the medicine, the patient would have to boil it. There were and are many different ways to fight illness es and infections through stylostixis and massage. immediately though, western medicine has been adopted, and traditional treatments are still playing an important role and have raise large quantities of attention and interest piecewide referable to the amazing curative effects reported. While Chinese medicine began long ago, the acupuncture and herbology taught in mainland China today is dramatically different from its traditional practice. The finale 150 geezerhood have had a greater impact on its evolution that at any other time in its history. 2 To find out Chinese medicine today, one must glance back to the 1800s. China was under the rule of a corrupt and weak Qing Dynasty and exotic powers were occupying its territory and the Opium contend ensured an epidemic of addiction throughout its population. The Chinese began to face the harsh reality that its culture was not as strong or as powerful compared to the foreign countries that they considered unequal. They came to believe that China had been focused on the achievements of its past, whereas foreign powers were focusing on developing the new. They saw that Chinas closed borders policy to the outside world had kept it from the inventions and discoveries of the times and believed China had to modernize in order to remain a sovereign power of influence. 2 This movement grew until finally the Imperial romance was overthrown and the Republic of China was founded by Sun Zhongshan and the Nationalist Party in 1911.The desire to modernize also came with a distrust of Chinas traditional knowledge. There was great backlash and outrage to the practice of traditional medicine and in 1928, the Nationalist political relation declared the practice of Chinese medicine illegal, accept that it was superstitious and confusing compared to the growing influence of penicillin based western medicine. Penicillin was introduced from the west and was a miracle for the Chinese. Although they were unsuccessful at comp letely outlawing Chinese medicine, it was forbidden in hospitals and government organized health facilities.Then, a lot changed in the country when the Japanese invaded. As Communism began to gain momentum, a civil war was unleashed on an already weak country. When the Communists came out of war victorious and founded the Peoples Republic of China in 1949, traditional knowledge and teaching methods had already undergone 100 years of hardship and change. In the first years of the Peoples Republic of China, the Ministry of Health simply continued the policies that existed previously towards Chinese medicine.However, as poverty and illness left from years of war became apparent, the government encouraged any type of medicine, Chinese or Western. In order to regain control, a Cultural regeneration was launched which divided doctors who believed in traditional theories with those who followed current scientific models of the West. At the end of the Cultural Revolution in 1976, the tradi tional doctors were replaced by a much younger generation of doctors who were convinced that a new biomedical query based medicine would be far better to its traditional origins.Today China is the worlds fastest growing consumer market and it has a population of over a billion people. traditional medicine has become a highly lucrative and oft fraudulent market as the Chinese seek treatments for issues such as obesity, impotence, high blood pressure, diabetes and beauty enhancement. Chinese medicine, cure-all pills have make full the marked and clinics while specialists are popping up everywhere. The increase of traditional Chinese medicine institutions and professionals is unprecedented since the founding of new China. 3 The science of traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacology has rapidly developed. Many achievements have been obtained in treatment of common diseases such as cardio-cerebro-vascular disease, immunogenic diseases, tumors, bone fractures and continuous progres s has been in the exploration and experimentation of traditional folk therapies, preparation and dose-form medication of Chinese medical herbs, raising the healing capacity of traditional Chinese medicine and drugs and enlarging the body politic of their services.historicly, Chinese Medicine was adept largely from generation to generation within a family. The techniques and knowledge required to practice acupuncture or herb tea medicine were transmitted from parent to child in the form of an apprenticeship type relationship. This knowledge was passed down from family to family to continue the practice. Because of the way knowledge transmitted the science of Chinese Medicine, different styles of its practice emerged. At the time of the Chinese Cultural Revolution, a decision was made to standardize the practice of Chinese Medicine.This was carried out by looking at the various family lineages and taking out from them what they had in common and eliminating that what the Communist government considered to be too overtly spiritual, and naming the ending collection of knowledge and techniques Traditional Chinese Medicine. From this historical movement the officially-approved version of Chinese Medicine, which would be taught largely in government, sponsored schools instead of within a family-based apprentice system. One benefit of this standardization of medicine was that it made it more clear as to what the most commonly-agreed techniques were between Western and Chinese doctors and eliminating the more odd variations that may have appeared that they did not agree upon. A disadvantage of the standardization was that it divided the medicine from its spiritual roots. Modern practitioners wishing to bring back the spiritual roots and the knowledge and techniques associated with it, often name themselves as practitioners of Classical Chinese Medicine (the form of the medicine prior to the Cultural revolution) or five dollar bill agent Practitioners. 4 Generally speaking, a Traditional Chinese Medicine practitioner will rely mostly upon a unique diagnostic guideline while a Five Element practitioner relies upon a Five Element diagnostic framework. A Traditional Chinese Medicine practitioner pays more attention to physical symptoms and creates treatments to eliminate the symptoms. A Five Element practitioner, on the other hand, tend to be more attentive to the emotional and spiritual aspects of the imbalance they detect in the body, and aim their treatments at the root cause of disharmony. 4 There is a lot of distinct variety among different practitioners. This is what makes Chinese Medicine powerful it is the insight that the physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual aspects of an individual are always connected. In terms of the practicalities of receiving Chinese Medical training in the West today, a large majority of Chinese Medical schools and licensing exams are now based upon the traditional Chinese Medicine model. Traditional Chines e medicine today is based on standardization efforts that took place in China in the 1950s with the creation of traditional Chinese medicine colleges. In the 1990s, traditional Chinese medicine was changed into a semi-private industry and was promoted in global health markets. 4 Revenue from traditional Chinese medicine hospitals in China has reached to an astonishing $25. 7 billion in 2012. Many of Chinas medical companies are the forefront of global science and acupuncture has become one of the most widely open up element of traditional Chinese medicine practiced in the West, using the medical instrument of small needles placed into the skin. Acupuncture needles used to be created out of Bian stones and pottery.Eventually metal needles began to appear and these needles to eventually became the unequivocal nine needles. These needles were each designed to carry out different functions and aid the body in different but effective forms. Presently, the needles used for acupuncture a re made out of filliform while others have been replaced by more advanced surgical instruments. The nine needles were initially made out of bronze, gold or silver. virtually acupuncturists today still use gold and silver needles but the majority of acupuncturists use only steel filliform needles.In 1950 Chairman Mao officially coupled Traditional Chinese Medicine with Western Medicine and acupuncture became established in many hospitals. In the late 50s and 60s, research continued into acupuncture with further study of ancient texts, clinical effects of acupuncture on various diseases, and the development of acupuncture anesthesia. 5 From the 1970s to the present, acupuncture continues to play an important role in Chinas medical system. China has been a leader in researching all aspects of acupuncture and its clinical effects.Although acupuncture has become more modernized, it will probably never lose its connection to a philosophy that was established thousands of years ago. Poli cy-makers around the world are forever and a day finding different ways to incorporate traditional Chinese medicine into public health systems. 6 One consequence to the many practices being spread worldwide is the impact traditional Chinese medicine has on environmental sustainability. China cannot provide all the ingredients to fulfill domestic and international demands. In Australia, octopus rays are threatened because their gills are dried and boiled and used as a health remedy.The World Wildlife Foundation is currently teaming up and working with the Chinese government to promote alternative routes of treatments without the use of animal parts. Western medicine often focuses on defects, for instance, how to repair a torn ligament, reduce cholesterol or eliminate bacteria. It focuses and revolves around pathology. Chinese medicine is concerned with relieving pain and reversing the effects of disease. Chinese medicine is often complex and difficult for people to understand what it unfeignedly is exactly.This is because it is based on the principle that what happens to one part of the body affects every other part of the body. In Chinese medicine, the mind and body are not viewed separately similarly as organs and structures are viewed as connected internal structures that work together to make sure the body is functioning well. Many of the ideas emphasized in traditional Chinese medicine are not even related to Western medicine. One such concept is qi, which is responsible for overbearing the human mind and body. Qi flows through the body through channels, which are called meridians.There are 20 meridians and 12 primary meridians that correspond to specific organs. 7 Imbalances in the flow of qi cause illness and the correction of the imbalance brings the body back to balance. Although acupuncture is one of the biggest treatments to treat illness, there are many other techniques such as acupressure, moxibustion, massage techniques, herbal medicine, diet and lifestyle changes, meditation and exercise. Even after reading this paragraph, one may still have trouble comprehending what it is, but there is little doubt of traditional Chinese medicines effectiveness.Several studies have reported that these types of treatments have had success in treating a wide range of illness and conditions such as nausea, vomiting, tennis elbow and even back pain. Many Western-trained physicians have also seen the positive effects from traditional Chinese medicine and now offer it to patients and some even include acupuncture as a treatment. Many Americans are using acupuncture, herbal remedies and other treatments through traditional Chinese medicine than before. Whether looked at as a complimentary treatment or primary one, traditional Chinese medicine is on the rise around the world.Despite its significantly different approaches to well being, many people use both Chinese and Western medicine at the same time. It has been proven time and time again h ow traditional Chinese medicine has been effective and successful in treating different ailments and illnesses. The evolution of Chinese medical techniques has surprisingly not changed drastically. Many of the treatments used for thousands of years are still used today because they proved to be beneficial for the body and reaped positive benefits for the human body functions and rid of illness. Bibliography Chinese Medicine History, Traditional Four Methods of Diagnosis. TravelChinaGuide. Accessed April 24, 2013. http//www. travelchinaguide. com/intro/medicine. htm. The Evolution of Chinese Medicine. The Evolution of Chinese Medicine. Accessed April 24, 2013. http//www. traditionalstudies. org/chinese-medicine/23-cm-about-chinese-medicine/cm-about/62-the-evolution-of-chinese-medicine. The Globalization of Chinese Medicine Globalization101. Globalization101. Accessed April 28, 2013. http//www. globalization101. org/the-globalization-of-chinese-medicine/. historical Time Line of Chinese Medicine. Historical Time Line of Chinese Medicine. Accessed April 29, 2013. http//www. traditionalstudies. org/chinese-medicine/23-cm-about-chinese-medicine/cm-about/61-historical-time-line-of-chinese-medicine. History of Acupuncture. Academy of Classical Oriental Sciences History of Acupuncture Comments. Accessed April 28, 2013. http//www. acos. org/articles/history-of-acupuncture/. TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine) and Five Element Styles of Practice. About. com Taoism. Accessed April 27, 2013. http//taoism. about. com/od/qigongchinesemedicine/a/TCM. htm. Traditional Chinese Medicine History. Traditional Chinese Medicine History. Accessed April 29, 2013. http//www. china4u2. com/TCM_History/tcm_history. html. 1 . Chinese Medicine History, Traditional Four Methods of Diagnosis. TravelChinaGuide. Accessed April 29, 2013. http//www. travelchinaguide. com/intro/medicine. htm. 2 . Historical Time Line of Chinese Medicine. Historical Time Line of Chinese Medicine. Acces sed April 29, 2013. http//www. traditionalstudies. org/chinese-medicine/23-cm-about-chinese-medicine/cm-about/61-historical-time-line-of-chinese-medicine. 3 . Historical Time Line of Chinese Medicine. Historical Time Line of Chinese Medicine. Accessed April 29, 2013. http//www. traditionalstudies. org/chinese-medicine/23-cm-about-chinese-medicine/cm-about/61-historical-time-line-of-chinese-medicine. 4 TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine) and Five Element Styles of Practice. About. com Taoism. Accessed April 29, 2013. http//taoism. about. com/od/qigongchinesemedicine/a/TCM. htm. 4 . TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine) and Five Element Styles of Practice. About. com Taoism. Accessed April 29, 2013. http//taoism. about. com/od/qigongchinesemedicine/a/TCM. htm. 5History

Prince vs Warner Brothers: Artist feud with Label

In today society different companies go through various contracts on a day to day basis however, it is solely up to both companies or parties to come across that the contract upon entering is in good standing and there after(prenominal) remains in good binding, As in the case of Prince Vs Warner Brothers. In the beginning it seems as though the contract was acceptable for both parties, however as the discrepancies unfold, it became clear that the contract was no lasting valid. This created a huge problem for both parties. It has been observed that the dispute between Prince and Warner Brothers was about money and how often record albums hind end be released.Prince felt that the record label had too much control over his creativity. According to BET, The contract between Warner Brothers and Prince stated that Prince would receive a 10 million dollar advance with each album, however Warner Brothers reserve the right to pick which albums were released and on what time frame (BET). According to Orwall (1995), In a nutshell Prince has been preclude that the company wint release his records more regularly. He produces the equivalent of three or four albums a year the record company would rather shake tho one and milk it (orwall, 1995).As a method of retaliation, Prince took action by legally changing his name to the symbol 0+ as such, the legally granted name prince remained under the control of Warner Brothers, therefore he was branded as the artist formally known as prince. After changing his name, the artist formally known as Prince released the most beautiful girl in the world on his own record label called NPG Records, therefore ignoring his contract with Warner Brothers. The feud proceed as Prince unrestrictedly defied the contract between him and Warner Brothers.As a result Warner Brothers then took legal action by taking prince to court and forcing him to release the previously recorded black album. At that time Prince was obligated to do four mo re albums for Warner Brothers Prince went into his catalog of unreleased music to complete the four albums he owed Warner Brothers. on the whole his new material that he created after he changed his name, was under his NPG record label. While he carried out his remaining obligation to Warner Brothers, at every public appearance, Prince continued to retaliate by writing the word slave on his cheek (Orwall, 1995).For a period of time prince did not play his own music. benny Medina, VP of AR for Warner Brothers at the time, believed that this was apart of his protest against the record label. Prince was a really unique person who was not going to be very creative if he was not in a healthy place with the people he had to deal with. We got it if you want to go, go Lets just figure it out, give tongue to Benny Medina in a BET documentary video (BET). In 1997 Prince ended his contract with Warner Brothers. In that same year he released his last album with the Label entitled Emancipatio n.In the year 2000, after the publishing contract with Warner Brothers has ended he legally changed his name back to Prince (BET). Parties Interest It has always been a tradition for record labels to own the masters of the artist sign to the roster after all, they are the ones spending millions of dollars to promote and market, as well as emit the artists music. Evidently, Prince disagreed with this notion. Prince did not like the fact that the labels were able to decide when his album should be released, and which one of his albums they are going to release.He also did not like the fact that they owned all his masters. He had made a deal with the label, and he had been compensated incredibly well with millions upon millions of dollars, said Michael Austin, Sr. VP of AR for Warner Brothers (BET). Prince also did not like the fact that he had to comply with the regulations of the contract he had signed with the record label. Position of Parties During the dispute between Warner Brot hers, Prince won the support of his fans as well as other artists.He had several successful tours the musicology tour is one of the most successful tours up to date. Clearly, Prince has become an paradigm and he was in a position where he did not need the record label to make money. He proved that he had the ability to deal records and the ability to promote tours without the help of Warner Brothers. Warner Brothers may have played apart in his success, but as Princes career blossomed, he realized that Warner Brothers were no longer necessary. So his actions were attempts to end the relationship between himself and Warner Brothers.What went well?Fortunately for Prince, the label recognized his desire to end the contract and that he was no longer going to cooperate with the company until the term of the contract has expired. As a result, Warner Brothers executives felt that it was time to put an end to this on going feud. Prince was then sinless from all restraints of the record label. It was until the publishing contract between Prince and Warner Brothers ended, he started performing his old songs again. What went wrong? Unfortunately Warner Brothers and Prince could not renegotiate a contract that could have a mutual benefit outcome.Prince could not own any of his masters he created during his term with Warner Brothers. As reiterated prince wanted more control of his creativity but Warner Brothers refused to give him such leverage over his work prince then retaliated. In conclusion, a contract is barely valid when both parties agree. If both parties disagree, it not only creates a conflict but also a huge problem between the individuals involved therefore, it should be in the interest of both individual to ensure that before they enter into the contract, they must discuss all the fine prints in order to reach an amicable and mutual benefit.Referenceshttp//princetext.tripod.com/i_emancipation96.htmlhttp//princetext.tripod.com/n_1995.html

Bringing the constitutional presidency to life

The inbuilt president in the United States of America is the president who has been elected by the citizens of the republic on majority votes. Bringing to the organizational presidency to life is bringing the custom of electing presidents who would lead the country according to the constitution. Constitutional presidency The constitutional president leads the country in accordance to the powers that he has been abandoned by the constitution and has a duty to lead the cabinet businesses.The president is the overall leader of the country is therefore responsible of hiring and firing cabinet. A constitutional president get to the position of presidency after the voting process has taken place as has been dictated by the constitution. No one has powers to divulge the presidents powers, may it be the civil or religion leaders. The president may use the religious believes of the countrys customs to dictate the undelegated power as he should understand the law of God and the law of nat ure in order to help him shake up such decisions.A constitutional president may make decisions of his freewill without consulting the delegates, such decisions may include amnesty of some petty crime victims and authorization of a bill to be passed as law for that to be a custom of the country in favor of the society. A constitution president is allowed to vie for the seat as many times as the constitution would allow him, he runs for a given number of times in which he shall not exceed if the constitution does not allow. Reference Milis, D. & Nelson, T. (1979) American presidency, NY, Oxford University pack together

Hum/105 World Mythology

Many volcanoes and crappers stretch across the world however, all volcanoes and mountains are not considered sanctified. board fuji and Mauna Kea function as hallowed plates rich with mythic elements that have a functional role in culture, and are comparatively similar. rebel fuji cherry was once a sacred stake only accessible to men for spiritual enlightenment, but is no longer strict on visitation. Although ceremonies remain held during climbing season to this day, many people construe the ritual as more a cultural experience instead of a religious unmatchable.Japan has two other mountains, but neither is as sacred or rich with religious and mythological Japanese culture. Mount Fuji is one of the most sacred places in the Japanese culture. E actually twelvemonth thousands climb to the inclose every summer. Traditionally the climb to the saint on the peak was a religious movement and women were not allowed to make the journey. This climb normally required the wearing of white robes (OMeara, 2006). Today thousands come to climb generally during climbing season from July 1st to August 26th. Many think that this place is very sacred and many believe it to be spiritual (OMeara, 2006).People commonly believe that ascending this mountaintop is to bring luck and the more one climbs the better. The mythic tactile sensation retains empowerment because the mountain also serves as a national emblem (Leonard & McClure, 2004, p. 350). Some have climbed at least 100 times. At the start of for each one climbing season two religious sects hold sacred ceremonies to begin climbing season (OMeara, 2006). Some have marathons ascending and descending the mountain. Many believe it to be unlucky to ascend any other sacred mountaintop. Climbing Mt. Fuji is one of religious tradition.Tradition states that the mountain is split into three move from peak to base. The grassy areas represent the mundane world. The forest line represents the transient line between this wor ld and the world of the gods. The burned areas with a thick form of volcanic ash represent the realm of the gods and Buddha. The idea of ascending and descending the mountain represent travels between the world of the living and the dead. With each passage one could receive purity and have the sins of this world washed away (Fujisan, 2009). Shintoists believe Mount Fuji is sacred to the goddess Sengen-Sama.They also believe the mountain itself to be an avatar of nature. Another religious sect believes that the mountain itself is a sacred being which contains a soul. The Buddhists believe the mountain is a gateway to other world (Sacred-Destinations, 2009). Mount Fuji is a sacred place and has been since the initiatory inhabitants of Japan. Buddhists believe the mountain came to be around 286 BC after an earthquake that formed the mountain as well as the Lake Blwa, the largest lake in Japan (Sacred-Destinations, 2009). This mountain is a very sacred part of Japanese religion and for years people treated it as such.Today it is more of an attraction and the religious message has been lost a little. Mount Fuji seems to be more of a tourist hotspot than a spiritual place, one in which souvenirs can be bought. Mt. Fuji or Fuji San refers to the most sacred mountain in Japan. Mt. Fuji is such a natural symbol and sacred not only to the Shinto and Buddhist but also for most Japanese people. The name Fuji is a topical anesthetic Ainu word that means deity of fire because of the often-volcanic eruptions (Mount Fuji, 2011). The Japanese built a shrine about 800 A. D. to the gods to help calm the erupting volcano.Mount Fuji later became spot to a Shinto goddess Konohano Sakuya Hime the Goddess of the Flowering Trees. The Shinto goddess Koyasusama is also known as the goddess who grants easy childbirth. The Shinto goddess has shrines at the base and summit of Fuji where there is a fire ceremony at the conclusion of the climbing season (New domain Encyclopedia, 200 9). The Fujiyoshidas Sengen Shrine is the main Sengen Shrine positioned on the north side of the mountain. The shrine stands in a dark forest and is set off the road lined with stone lanterns and tall cedar trees.In the past the Shrine was a starting point for climbing Mt. Fuji, and these hikers would start their ascent with a prayer at the shrine. Buddhist found Fuji as a symbol of surmise and calls its summit zenjo, that is a Buddhist term that describes perfection of a meditative state (Mount Fuji, 2011). Japanese Buddhists revere the mountain as a gateway to another world. Shugendo practitioners established the first climbing route to lead pilgrims to Fujis summit (Mount Fuji, 2011). Today pilgrims continue to climb Mount Fuji. Some stop to venerate at the shrine of Konohana Sakuya Hime, pray at the summit altars, or ritually circumambulate the volcanos crater (Mount Fuji, 2011). Aokigahara, also known as the ocean of Trees is another sacred and mythological place that lies at the base of Mt. Fuji. The Sea of Trees are associated with demons in Japanese mythology, haunted by the ghost of people left-hand(a) to die. Mauna Kea is a traditional mythical place that compares to Mount Fuji. Mauna Kea is a volcano found on the big Island of hullo. In Hawaiian mythology, the peaks of the island of Hawaii are sacred.Only high-ranking tribal chiefs were allowed to visit the peak. Mount Fuji is the central figure in the neisho-e work. The Japanese consider Mt. Fuji to be sacred and is a symbol of national identity (Wikipedia, n. d. ). Mount Fuji is also considered to be a symbol of beauty. The mountains are also a sacred place because the higher the mountain the closer the mountains reach to heaven. Some sacred mountain can sometimes be just a mythical thought, depending on the meaning or the purpose of the mountain. Mount Fuji, located in Japan, is the highest mountain with an active volcano.Japan has Three Holy Mountains. Mount Fuji is the mountain the sightseer s go see when they are in Japan. The other two mountains in Japan are Mount Tate and Mount Haku. Some people think that the meaning of Fuji is immortal, but no proof has been determined on that issue. Many Japanese writers have used Mount Fuji in their artwork, literature, and as a background picture in several movies. Mount Fuji was sacred to the point that woman were not allowed to go to the mountain. The volcano inside Mount Fuji is currently said to be active, but has a very slim chance of erupting.Mauna Kea is also considered to be the most sacred mountain in Hawaii. The tribal chiefs were the only ones allowed at the top of the mountain. Mauna Kea is one of the best sites that people can visit for astronomical purposes. Mauna Kea is an inactive volcano, unlike Mount Fuji, and is among five other volcanoes in Hawaii. Hawaiian Law implements visitor restrictions on Mauna Kea. Mauna Kea is sacred, and portrayed as the first born of the father of the sky (Wakea) and the pay off o f the earth (Papa). Mount Fuji and Mauna Kea are active volcanoes.Both volcanoes are sacred places where tribal chiefs are the only ones allowed to go to the top. The mountains are sacred because of developing the highest point closest to heaven. Mount Fuji last erupted in 1707-08. Mauna Kea last erupted was about 4,600 years ago. Both mountains have that attractive retinal cone shape, and are hotspots of their location. Once a sacred Japanese religious site, Mount Fuji has become more of a tourist attraction. This volcano became a shrine to Gods, and later to the Goddess of the flowering trees. Similar to Mount Fuji in sacredness and Goddess mythology is Mauna Kea, another volcanic mountain.Mauna Keas myth embodies the mountain as Poliahu the Snow Goddess, the first child of the sky father and earth mother (Lovingthebigislands Weblog, 2009). Both sites are rich with mythology, culture, and both are sacred places. Although Mauna Kea has limits on who may ascend, Mount Fuji is open for all to climb. Both Mount Fuji and Mauna Kea retained their sacred status because of their heights being closest to heaven. References Fujisan (2009). Mt. Fuji and religious beliefs. Retrieved from http//www. fujisan-3776. jp/english/religiouis_beliefs/religiouis_beliefs. html.Leonard, S. , & McClure, M. (2004). Myth & knowing An introduction to world mythology. New York McGraw-Hill. Lovingthebigislands Weblog. (2009). The Hawaiian snow goddess poliahu and the summit of mauna kea. Retrieved July 30, 2011, from http//lovingthebigisland. wordpress. com/2009/02/05/the-hawaiian-snow-goddess-poliahu-and-the-summit-of-mauna-kea/. Mount Fuji. (n. d. ). Wikipedia The free encyclopedia. Retrieved July 29, 2011, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Mount_Fuji. New World Encyclopedia. (2009). Mount Fuji. Retrieved July 29, 2011, from http//www. ewworldencyclopedia. org/entry/Mt. _Fuji OMeara, D. (2006). Mount Fuji. Faces (07491387), 22(5), 6. Retrieved from EBSCOhost History. com (1994-2009) . Mount Fuji. Retrieved from http//www. history. com/topics/mount-fuji. Sacred-Destinations (2009). Mount Fuji. Retrieved from http//www. sacred-destinations. com/japan/mount-fuji. Sacred Land. (2011). Mount Fuji. Retrieved July 29, 2011, from http//www. sacredland. org/mount-fuji/. Wikipedia. (n. d. ) The great wave off kanagawa. ASK. Retrieved July 29, 2011, from http//www. ask. com/wiki/The_Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa.